论公路工程试验检测中存在的问题与对策

目前我国公路工程质量问题层出不穷，因此加强公路工程试验检测，提升公路工程质量显得尤为重要。为此，针对公路工程试验检测中存在的问题，提出了相应的完善对策，指出只有加强施工单位对试验检测重要性的认识，不断完善监理制度，才能推进试验检测工作的发展，进而促进公路质量的提升。     

浅议广州地铁工程投资控制

文章从广州地铁建设项目的决策阶段、设计阶段和工程实施阶段分别阐述和分析．通过科学的优化管理，在保证质量、进度和安全的前提下，实现对地铁建设工程的投资控制。     

Comparison of Beach Nourishment along the U.S. Atlantic,Great Lakes,Gulf of Mexico,and New England Shorelines

The U.S. national beach nourishment experience is summarized for the East Coast barrier islands, the Gulf of Mexico, New England, and the Great Lakes. A total of 1,305 nourishment episodes on 382 beaches are recorded at a total estimated cost of approximately $1.4 billion ($2.5 billion in 1996 dollars). In terms of both volume and costs, nourishment has been the most extensive by far on the East Coast barrier islands. Depending on the region, between 65% and 85% of all nourishment projects have a federal funding component. Annual expenditures and sand volumes for beach nourishment are increasing, especially on East Coast barriers. At present, total annual national beach nourishment costs (excluding the Pacific Coast) are on the order of $100 million per year. The cost per cubic yard of nourishment sand as expressed in 1996 dollars has remained more or less constant over time. Additionally, the volumes of sand needed for subsequent nourishment episodes on individual beaches do not decrease, despite contrary assumptions in the shoreface-profile-ofequilibrium concept that subsequent nourishment volumes should diminish. In light of the historical experience of beach nourishment identified in this study, individual state and local coastal communities should reevaluate their plans for future beach nourishment programs. The complete listing of all the data on nourished beaches from this survey is available at www.geo.duke.edu/Research/psds/psds.htm     

Effect of a speed reduction of containerships in response to higher energy costs in Sulphur Emission Control Areas

The objective of this paper is to explore the possible consequences of the future low-sulphur fuel requirements in Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) on vessel speed, from the standpoint of the container shipping industry. Rational energy use, speed reduction, and revenues are closely related in the container shipping sector because speed reductions may provide substantial energy and cost savings. The operators could consider reducing their speed in SECA in order to save on fuel that will become relatively expensive. However, to maintain a weekly frequency without adding new ships, such a behaviour implies that the required speed at sea outside the SECA area increases. This paper aims to investigate if such a difference in speed is cost-effective, and if the increase in speed outside SECA may result in an increase in CO₂ emissions of the total cycle. We propose a cost model that estimates the cost-minimising combination of speeds inside and outside SECA, and the resulting CO₂ emissions of the liner service. Applying this model to representative liner services serving North Europe, we find that differentiating speed accordingly slightly decreases total costs and increases CO₂ emissions in a similar way. The results are sensitive to the price of low-sulphur fuels, the part of the cycle in SECA and the number of ships deployed in the service.     

引入图式理论提高EFL阅读能力的对策

在阅读理解中,文化背景知识起着举足轻重的作用。交互式阅读模式是建立在图式理论基础上对信息加工两种模式(自上而下与自下而上)的综合。文章以认知心理学的视角,从影响学生阅读能力的非语言因素--背景知识(图式)出发,运用图式理论,结合英语阅读学习中存在的实际问题,针对现有的问题提出一些提高EFL阅读能力的对策。     

机动车维修行业员工思想工作及其对策

文章结合机动车维修行业的用工实际,分析当前影响该行业员工思想不稳定的因素以及队伍不稳定对汽修经营企业的影响,从管理角度提出稳定员工队伍的措施与对策,对稳定员工、降低企业经营成本、降低管理难度以及稳定业务、确保维修质量等有重要意义。     

毛坝隧道贯通误差评定

通过对隧道施工中产生的贯通误差的测量、分析,来保证隧道的正常施工。     

The possible designation of the Mediterranean Sea as a SECA: A case study

In view of the ongoing discussions concerning the possible designation of the Mediterranean Sea as a Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA), a modal split model was applied to a case involving the transportation of consolidated cargoes between Thessaloniki, Greece and industrial hubs of northern Germany. A road-only option was assessed against a combined-transport route involving a ferry (Greece–Italy) and a truck-on-train (Italy–Austria) service. The logit model used considers two variables as determinants of the modal selection: transport cost and time. The data are derived from interviews with a small transport service provider, typical for Greece, and are based on actual trips made (revealed preferences). The results predict that the designation of the Mediterranean as a SECA will cause a modal shift in favour of the road-only route by 5.2%, which under certain assumptions can reach 17.1%. However, the environmental implications of the resulting modal choices, calculated through the EcoTransIT World web based tool, are positive in relation to all emissions examined. This is attributed to the longer distance of the combined-transport option in comparison to the road-only one and, the poor environmental performance of the Ro-Pax vessels basically due to the need to maintain a relatively high speed.     

铁道货车摇枕侧架生产过程中特殊过程确认与现场控制

结合生产过程中的特殊过程确认与现场控制的一般性要求,围绕着满足摇枕侧架生产制造过程中的一些特殊过程确认与现场控制的细节进行介绍,为指导摇枕侧架生产制造提供理论依据。     

焊接车架的质量控制

本文以我公司某车架的焊接为例,从车架的结构特点、车架焊接的工艺性分析、焊接工装的设计思路与方案等方面阐述了车架焊接过程中应遵循的一些基本原则及要求。