对于如何降低地铁成本的几点思考

就如何降低地铁成本从地铁的规划、设计、施工等几个方面谈了几点建议,相信对于城市轨道交通相关从事人员会有一定的参考意义。     

基于人工神经网络预测的汽车安全气囊系统点火控制算法研究

对安全气囊点火时刻的准确控制是气囊系统起到保护乘员作用的关键技术.点火控制算法是实现气囊适时准确点火的手段.本文提出了一种基于人工神经网络的汽车安全气囊点火控制算法.算法构造了一个三层人工神经网络,利用碰撞发生时的减速度信号和乘员重量为输入信号,其输出信号为乘员的头部位移,作为气囊触发的一个依据.     

沥青混合料应变疲劳性能的试验研究

沥青混合料疲劳试验的荷载控制模式有应力控制模式和应变控制模式。而在应变控制的疲劳试验过程中, 沥青混合料的应力应变状态更符合沥青路面的实际情况。试验得出的弯拉应变与疲劳寿命之间的关系便于应用。运用MTS81 0材料试验系统, 进行了5种级配的沥青混合料的应变控制模式的疲劳试验, 得出了它们的应变疲劳方程, 并对疲劳方程进行了比较和分析。研究表明, 同一应变(或应变比) 下, 若干试件的对数疲劳寿命表现为正态分布, 而且应变、应变比与疲劳寿命分别在双、单对数坐标上表现为直线关系; 单对数坐标下以应变比表示的疲劳方程较双对数坐标下的以应变表示的疲劳方程稳定, 而双对数坐标下的疲劳方程更易区分出沥青混合料疲劳性能的优劣; 应变控制模式下的疲劳试验, 其它条件相同时, 沥青混合料的模量越小, 疲劳寿命越长。     

The cost of equity: Assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost

Social equity is increasingly incorporated as a long-term objective into urban transportation plans. Researchers use accessibility measures to assess equity issues, such as determining the amount of jobs reachable by marginalized groups within a defined travel time threshold and compare these measures across socioeconomic categories. However, allocating public transit resources in an equitable manner is not only related to travel time, but also related to the out-of-pocket cost of transit, which can represent a major barrier to accessibility for many disadvantaged groups. Therefore, this research proposes a set of new accessibility measures that incorporates both travel time and transit fares. It then applies those measures to determine whether people residing in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada experience the same levels of transit accessibility as those living in other neighborhoods. Results are presented in terms of regional accessibility and trends by social indicator decile. Travel time accessibility measures estimate a higher number of jobs that can be reached compared to combined travel time and cost measures. However, the degree and impact of these measures varies across the social deciles. Compared to other groups in the region, residents of socially disadvantaged areas have more equitable accessibility to jobs using transit; this is reflected in smaller decreases in accessibility when fare costs are included. Generating new measures of accessibility combining travel time and transit fares provides more accurate measures that can be easily communicated by transportation planners and engineers to policy makers and the public since it translates accessibility measures to a dollar value.     

Bus control strategies in corridors with signalized intersections

This paper proposes a new dynamic bus control strategy aimed at reducing the negative effects of time-headway variations on route performance, based on real-time bus tracking data at stops. In routes with high demand, any delay of a single vehicle ends up causing an unstable motion of buses and producing the bus bunching phenomena. This strategy controls the cruising speed of buses and considers the extension of the green phase of traffic lights at intersections, when a bus is significantly delayed. The performance of this strategy will be compared to the current static operation technique based on the provision of slack times at holding points. An operational model is presented in order to estimate the effects of each controlling strategy, taking into account the vehicle capacity constraint. Control strategies are assessed in terms of passenger total travel time, operating cost as well as on the coefficient of headway variation. The effects of controlling strategies are tested in an idealized bus route under different operational settings and in the bus route of highest demand in Barcelona by simulation. The results show that the proposed dynamic controlling strategy reduces total system cost (user and agency) by 15–40% as well as the coefficient of headway variation 53–78% regarding the uncontrolled case, providing a bus performance similar to the expected when time disturbance is not presented.     

Cost overruns and demand shortfalls – Deception or selection?

A number of highly cited papers by Flyvbjerg and associates have shown that ex ante infrastructure appraisals tend to be overly optimistic. Ex post evaluations indicate a bias where investment costs are higher and benefits lower on average than predicted ex ante. These authors argue that the bias must be attributed to intentional misrepresentation by project developers. This paper shows that the bias may arise simply as a selection bias, without there being any bias at all in predictions ex ante, and that such a bias is bound to arise whenever ex ante predictions are related to the decisions whether to implement projects. Using a database of projects we present examples indicating that the selection bias may be substantial. The examples also indicate that benefit–cost ratios remain a useful selection criterion even when cost and benefits are highly uncertain, gainsaying the argument that such uncertainties render cost-benefit analyses useless.     

浅析公路工程方案优选与造价控制的关系

文章基于设计方案优选的原则,提出公路工程方案设计中应树立全寿命周期成本的理念,并进行多方案的技术经济比选,合理确定工程设计方案,平衡技术与经济的关系,以通过方案优选达到控制造价的目的。     

Cost scaling based successive approximation algorithm for the traffic assignment problem

This paper presents a cost scaling based successive approximation algorithm, called ε-BA (ε-optimal bush algorithm), to solve the user equilibrium traffic assignment problem by successively refining ε-optimal flows. As ε reduces to zero, the user equilibrium solution is reached. The proposed method is a variant of bush-based algorithms, and also a variant of the min-mean cycle algorithm to solve the min-cost flow by successive approximation. In ε-BA, the restricted master problem, implying traffic equilibration restricted on a bush, is solved to ε-optimality by cost scaling before bush reconstruction. We show that ε-BA can reduce the number of flow operations substantially in contrast to Dial’s Algorithm B, as the former operates flows on a set of deliberately selected cycles whose mean values are sufficiently small. Further, the bushes can be constructed effectively even if the restricted master problem is not solved to a high level of convergence, by leveraging the ε-optimality condition. As a result, the algorithm can solve a highly precise solution with faster convergence on large-scale networks compared to our implementation of Dial’s Algorithm B.     

矢量泵喷推进器水动力性能

传统水下航行器采用鳍舵装置控制航向和航速，舵的存在降低了推进器的进流品质，增强了推进器直发声，引起艇体结构振动。为解决这一问题，设计一种全新的泵喷推进方式，在泵喷推进器的导管尾缘处加装一段能够调整和控制方向的尾喷管。基于STAR-CCM+软件进行数值计算，结果显示：此种矢量泵喷推进器可以产生较大的横向操纵力，可以实现舵的操纵效果。     

A meta-analysis of Western European external costs estimates

This paper analyses the external transport cost estimates that have been found in various European studies. These estimates seem at first glance to be highly dispersed, a fact which raises questions about their reliability. The article offers a list of the possible reasons for discrepancies between the various studies; differences in the specific situations studied, in the type of cost calculated, in the physical laws relating to emissions, in the measurement of values of external costs. It assesses the relative magnitude of each of these causes through a meta-analysis. It turns out that the main differences come from the specificity of the situation under review and the type of cost calculated. In comparison, differences in the laws and in the values methods have a lower importance. The conclusion is that the estimates of external costs are reliable for decision-making policies.