软弱围岩隧道CD法和台阶法施工力学行为分析

为分析软弱围岩隧道在不同开挖方法过程中稳定性以及拱顶沉降变化规律,以某隧道工程实例为背景,借助有限差分软件FLAC~(3D)数值模拟并和实际监测数据对比分析,研究软弱围岩隧道在CD法和台阶法两种不同开挖方法施工过程中围岩变形、应力变化和围岩塑性区分布规律。实际监测数据和模拟计算结果均表明,采用CD法开挖断面关键点位移和应力明显小于台阶法,随开挖步影响范围也比台阶法要小。总之CD法较台阶法能更好控制围岩变形和应力发展,塑性区分布范围也明显小于台阶法。     

A kinematic wave approach to traffic statics and dynamics in a double-ring network

Recently there has been much interest in understanding macroscopic fundamental diagrams of stationary road networks. However, there lacks a systematic method to define and solve stationary states in a road network with complex junctions. In this study we propose a kinematic wave approach to defining, analyzing, and simulating static and dynamic traffic characteristics in a network of two ring roads connected by a 2 × 2 junction, which can be either an uninterrupted interchange or a signalized intersection. This study is enabled by recently developed macroscopic junction models of general junctions. With a junction model based on fair merging and first-in-first-out diverging rules, we first define and solve stationary states and then derive the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) of a stationary uninterrupted network. We conclude that the flow-density relationship of the uninterrupted double-ring network is not unique for high average network densities (i.e., when one ring becomes congested) and unveil the existence of infinitely many stationary states that can arise with a zero-speed shockwave. From simulation results with a corresponding Cell Transmission Model, we verify that all stationary states in the MFD are stable and can be reached, but show that randomness in the retaining ratio of each ring drives the network to more symmetric traffic patterns and higher flow-rates. Furthermore we model a signalized intersection as two alternate diverge junctions and demonstrate that the signalized double-ring network can reach asymptotically periodic traffic patterns, which are therefore defined as “stationary” states in signalized networks. With simulations we show that the flow-density relation is well defined in such “stationary” states, and asymptotic traffic patterns can be impacted by signal cycle lengths and retaining ratios. But compared with uninterrupted interchanges, signalized intersections lead to more asymmetric traffic patterns, lower flow-rates, and even gridlocks when the average density is higher than half of the jam density. The results are consistent between this study and existing studies, but the network kinematic wave model, with appropriate junction models, is mathematically tractable and physically meaningful. It has offered a more complete picture regarding the number and type of stationary states, their stability, and MFD in freeway and signalized networks.     

消减波浪荷载的桥梁沉箱基础外形设计研究

基于波浪场中动水压强的空间分布特征,提出了消减跨海桥梁沉箱基础波浪荷载的方法:一是优化基础横截面外形,调节基础横截面外轮廓不同位置波浪压力的相位差,减小基础所受到波浪力和力矩;二是优化基础竖截面外形,减小水面附近波浪能量集中区域的截面尺寸,增大靠近海床面区域的截面尺寸,将基础下部的迎浪面设置为外伸斜面,利用斜面上波浪压力竖向分力产生的力矩抵消部分水平分力产生的力矩,从而消减桥梁基础上的总波浪力矩。对于大尺度矩形和圆端矩形截面的桥梁深水沉箱基础,基于势流绕射理论和边界积分方法进行分析,结果表明,相比于矩形截面,采用圆端矩形截面可有效减小基础的波浪力和力矩;相比于上下等截面的基础,采用下部迎浪面设置外伸斜面的基础可以大幅减小基础的波浪力矩。研究成果可为跨海桥梁深水基础设计提供参考。     

快速路交通流时间序列分形维数研究

对取自于北京、沈阳和上海3座城市的4组快速路交通流数据进行分析,判别出交通状态为同步流或自由流.通过改变时间尺度观察时间序列的自相似特性和利用功率谱法判别,发现在两种状态下,系统都具有分形和混沌特性,可以应用相关理论进行研究.应用G-P算法计算了流率和速度序列在不同统计间隔下的关联维,计算了流率、速度的Hausdorff维数,并对计算结果进行了讨论.在此基础上,指出了分维在交通流理论研究中的应用方向.     

耗散结构及熵变理论在区域交通系统中的应用探讨

区域交通系统是一耗散结构。基于交通系统的特性,选择区域交通网络有效路段上的平均交通拥挤度为序参量,来描述区域交通系统的演化过程和方向。通过分析区域交通系统的耗散结构属性,利用熵理论和信息论,建立了区域交通系统熵测算模型,并利用该模型对1998￣2004年间北京都市圈交通系统熵进行了实证性测算研究,并根据熵变理论,对该区域内交通系统演化过程及方向作出分析。     

基于多智能主体系统的车道变换模型

为更加真实地反映车道变换行为,建立具有良好性能的车道变换模型,根据抽样调查结果分析了车道变换的基本条件。引入智能主体(Agent)理论,将Agent与车道变换行为联系起来,建立了基于多智能主体系统(Multi-Agent System,MAS)的车道变换模型框架;给出了车辆MAS的结构,抽象了各Agent成员的元组构成,给出了各Agent成员的工作原理与执行流程;基于多智能系统工程方法(Multi-Agent Systems Engineering Methodology,MASEM),给出了车道变换的仿真流程并得到仿真实例。研究结果表明:在2 km长的双向4车道高速公路上,在30 s时间内,利用提出的车道变换模型仿真得到的车道变换车辆次数与实际情况相差8%;在该时段内任意瞬间,正在执行车道变换的车辆数目与实际情况相差仅1.67%。     

The prigogine-herman kinetic model predicts widely scattered traffic flow data at high concentrations

The classical derivation of a traffic stream model (e.g. speed/concentration relation) from the equilibrium solutions of the Prigogine–Herman kinetic equation invokes the nontrivial assumption that the underlying distribution of desired speeds is nonzero for vanishingly small speeds. In this paper we investigate the situation when this assumption does not hold. It is found that the Prigogine–Herman kinetic equation has a one-parameter family of equilibrium solutions, and hence an associated traffic stream model, only for traffic concentrations below some critical value; at higher concentrations there is a two-parameter family of solutions, and hence a continuum of mean velocities for each concentration. This result holds for both constant values of the passing probability and the relaxation time, and for values that depend on concentration in the manner assumed by Prigogine and Herman. It is hypothesized that this result reflects the well-known tendency toward substantial scatter in observational data of traffic flow at high concentrations.     

徐变对钢管混凝土拱桥的影响分析

在使用继效流动理论对钢管混凝土轴心受压构件徐变进行分析计算的基础上,将其与有限元分析工具相结合,对钢管混凝土拱桥的徐变行为进行了分析。算例计算结果表明:钢管混凝土拱桥在使用老化阶段的徐变将会显著影响其结构本身的变形性能和内部受力状态,应该引起足够的重视。采用本文方法分析徐变对钢管混凝土拱桥的影响,所得结果比较合理。     

柔性基础复合地基沉降计算

柔性基础下复合地基的沉降计算一直较难确定.利用Mindlin解与Boussinesq解联合求解柔性基础下复合地基的附加应力,并利用Vesic小孔扩张理论计算桩体刺入柔性基础的量,后对分层总和法求得的沉降进行修正,可以得到与实测接近的沉降计算值.     

重载及脱空耦合状态下混凝土路面疲劳寿命分析

重载及板底脱空是引起水泥混凝土路面早期破坏最主要的2个因素,采用三维有限元方法对水泥混凝土路面在重载及板底脱空耦合状态下的应力及疲劳寿命进行了分析,结果表明,在温度、重载及脱空等几种不利因素的共同影响下,路面板受力状况急剧恶化,路面的使用寿命大大缩短,有时甚至可能产生极限破坏.