Spatio-temporal variations in deep-sea demersal communities off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)

The spatial and temporal variations of deep-sea megafaunal assemblages from the western Mediterranean are analysed in the present paper. The assemblages from two locations of the Balearic Islands situated 120 km apart were compared using data collected seasonally on a bathymetric stratum covering the 150–750 m depth range during six bottom-trawl surveys. The assemblage structure, in terms of species composition, species dominance and population sizes, was differentially affected by the spatio-temporal variables analysed (depth, location and fishing period). Although depth was the main factor determining the assemblage composition, the differences obtained between the two locations were also relevant. On the upper slope these between-location differences in the dynamics of megafaunal assemblages were found to be related to the effect of fishing exploitation. Population size-based metrics and biomass spectra were good predictors of meso-scale fishing effects, and were mainly reflected by elasmobranchs and demersal teleosts. Nevertheless, the effects of fishing depended on the species considered. Two dominant large-sized fish species found on the upper slope in both localities, Galeus melastomus and Phycis blennoides, had higher biomass values associated with lower fishing effort. Although the mean body weight (MBW) of both species and also the mean maximum body weight (MMBW) of G. melastomus agreed with this pattern, the P. blennoides MMBW did not. This last case could be indicative of natural size-trends such as the bigger–deeper phenomenon which refers to the displacement of large individuals towards the deeper limit of their bathymetric distribution, beyond the maximum depth sampled in this study for this species. By contrast, the target species of the upper slope fishery, the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus, was not negatively affected by the direct impact of fishing activity and other environmental factors, such as the presence of specific water masses could also be important.     

Vehicle headway modeling and its inferences in macroscopic/microscopic traffic flow theory: A survey

Vehicle headway distribution models are widely used in traffic engineering fields, since they reflect the fundamental uncertainty in drivers' car-following maneuvers and meanwhile provide a concise way to describe the stochastic feature of traffic flows. This paper presents a systematic review of vehicle headway distribution studies in the last few decades. Since it is impossible to enumerate the merits and drawbacks of all of existing distribution models, we emphasize four advances of headway distribution modeling in this paper. First, we highlight the chronicle of key assumptions on the existing distribution models and explain why this evolution occurs. Second, we show that departure headways measured for interrupted flows on urban streets and headways measured for uninterrupted flows on freeways have common features and can be simulated by a unified microscopic car-following model. The interesting finding helps gather two kinds of headway distribution models under one umbrella. Third, we review different approaches that aim to link microscopic car-following models and mesoscopic vehicle headway distribution models. Fourth, we show that both the point scattering on the density-flow plot and the shape of traffic flow breakdown curve implicitly depend on the vehicular headway distribution. These findings reveal pervasive connections between macroscopic traffic flow models and mesoscopic headway distribution. All these new insights bring new vigor into vehicle headway studies and open research frontiers in this field.     

Determining the hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion

A combination of methods was developed that can determine hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion. Firstly, a potential-based boundary-element method was used to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure, induced resistance and lift. Then the frictional resistance component was determined by the viscous boundary layer theory. Finally, a particular empirical technique was applied, to determine the region of upwash geometry and determine spray resistance. Case studies involving four models of Series 62 planing craft were run. These showed that the suggested method is efficient and capable, with results that are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of volumetric Froude numbers.     

地铁车站低压配电室方案研究

针对国内地铁车站低压配电系统的供电方式,结合车站两端供电设备及负荷情况,提出在远离降压所的一端设置低压配电室的方案,并进行了技术、经济比较.     

武汉市中心城区港渠治理

武汉湖泊众多,港渠纵横交错,其中中心城区主要港渠共44条,总长172.5km,为武汉市排涝、灌溉、水系连通发挥着巨大作用,是水系布局中不可或缺的重要组成部分。但是经济的快速发展,造成了湖泊、港渠水环境、水生态的恶化。为此,武汉市近年来大力开展了系列水体保护和修复工程。该文主要介绍武汉市中心城区的港渠治理。     

面元法预报螺旋桨表面非定常压力分布

本文建立了扰动速度势面元法预报螺旋桨表面非定常压力分布的理论和数值方法。该方法把桨叶和桨毂表面离散为若干四边形双曲面元,每个面元上布置等强度源汇和偶极子分布,螺旋桨尾涡面也离散为布置等强度偶极子的四边形双曲面元。所有的时域参数通过傅里叶级数展开转化为频域参数,使得在时间域内的求解转化为每一谐调阶上的求解。桨叶随边处通过迭代和采用广义逆矩阵方法在每一谐调阶上实现非线性等压库塔条件。桨叶表面非定常压力     

基于内聚力模型的夹层玻璃冲击破坏仿真分析

夹层玻璃冲击破坏行为的高精度和高效率仿真分析是汽车行人保护法规评价的重要基础。建立了夹层玻璃板辐射状网格的六面体单元有限元模型,采用ABAQUS软件中的固有内聚力模型描述冲击破坏过程中的裂纹发生和扩展现象,仿真得到的玻璃板裂纹及落锤加速度时间历程曲线与试验结果一致性良好,验证了仿真方法及模型的有效性。考虑了不同单元类型、不同网格分布形式对夹层玻璃冲击破坏仿真精度和计算效率的影响。     

不同渗流形态下沥青路面结构动力响应分析

为了研究荷载-渗流耦合作用下不同渗流形态对沥青路面结构各力学场量响应的影响，进一步揭示沥青路面水损害机理，在高水压沥青混合料渗透试验的基础上，采用非线性有限元方法，模拟分析碗形分布动荷载下Forchheimer非线性渗流和达西线性渗流时饱水沥青路面内部各力学场量的变化。渗透试验结果表明：在较高水力梯度下渗流流速-水力梯度关系呈现出非线性特征，不再适用达西定律，而需应用Forchheimer非线性渗流定律描述。数值模拟分析结果表明：2种渗流形态时沥青路面结构内部各力学场量均随着车轮动荷载的作用过程表现出波动性，且孔隙水压力均随着半正弦波型荷载的变化而呈正相关关系；与达西渗流时计算结果相比，非线性渗流时上面层内正孔隙水压力的峰值高49%，沥青面层内水平方向的拉应力、压应力、拉应变的峰值分别高16%、105%、15%，且在路表产生竖向拉应力，孔隙水压力也远高于现场实测值；2种渗流形态时均在上基层底部产生竖向拉应力，在沥青路面内产生的剪应力差别很小。因此，在车轮动荷载作用下，饱水沥青路面内部形成超高孔隙水压力和高流速的非线性渗流，会产生比线性渗流更为严重的水损害，以往基于达西定律的饱水沥青路面动态响应分析低估了车轮动荷载对沥青路面水损害的影响程度。     

大圆筒结构与粘土相互作用的模型试验研究

以沉入式大圆筒为研究对象,进行了大圆筒结构与粘性土相互作用的室内模型试验,初步搞清了大圆筒结构在粘性土中的工作机理、筒内、外土压力分布特性、大圆筒的抗倾性能、筒底地基反力分布及结构变位情况等。     

共同配送分形管理模式研究

共同配送涉及多个企业及环节,其管理具有复杂性。文章将复杂系统分形建模技术及分形企业的先进理念引入共同配送管理模式的建立中,分析了共同配送企业的自相似性、自组织性、动态、高效的信息交流等特性,给出了共同配送实施分形管理的结构组成和信息交流机制,改变了金字塔型企业繁琐的信息结构、复杂的计划方式和缺乏自主性的局面,为共同配送的实现提供了一种新的管理模式。