基于层次分析法的交通运输节能减排示范项目绩效评价研究

交通运输是国家节能减排工作的重点领域,为促进交通运输节能减排技术发展,开展交通运输节能减排示范项目是政府部门一项重要的政策措施。对示范项目进行绩效评价工作能衡量财政资金投入政策实施效果,也是交通运输主管部门非常关注的问题。在交通运输节能减排示范项目绩效评价的逻辑框架下,运用层次分析法建立交通运输节能减排示范项目绩效评价指标体系及权重值,具有较好的实操性,能为开展同类型项目的绩效评价工作提供参考。     

Optimal bus fleet management strategy for emissions reduction

Transportation is a major cause for environmental degradation via exhaust emissions. For many transit-oriented metropolitan areas, bus trips often constitute a sizeable mode share. Managing the bus fleet, in particular updating buses to comply with the newer emissions standards, therefore, can have a substantial impact on transportation-induced air quality. This paper presents the approach of remaining life additional benefit–cost (RLABC) analysis for maximising the total net benefit by either early-retiring or retrofitting the current bus fleet within their lifespans. By referring to the net benefits for different bus types estimated by RLABC analysis, the most beneficial management scheme for the current bus fleet can be identified. Optimal bus fleet management (BFM) models based on the RLABC analysis for the operator and the government are developed. Then a government subsidy plan is produced to achieve win–win solutions, which will offer efficient and flexible management schemes. To illustrate the approach, the largest bus company in Hong Kong, which carries more than 23% of the total trips in Hong Kong, is taken as a case study example. Instead of adopting a fixed retirement plan, such as replacing buses at the age of 17 as is currently practised, the proposed method develops an optimal BFM scheme that progressively phases out buses or retrofits them. This study produces promising results to demonstrate the large benefit of this approach for optimal bus fleet management.     

Rice公式外推桥梁荷载效应

在当今,如何对桥梁进行合理评估已成为桥梁工作者的一个重要课题。而在桥梁评估过程中,科研工作者往往需要定量描述评估周期内某座桥梁的交通车辆荷载大小,一般用荷载效应描述。就此根据动态称重系统实测的107国道路段交通荷载数据产生的模拟车流对评估周期内荷载效应极值的计算方法进行了初步研究,以各种跨径简支梁为例,利用Rice外推理论外推各个观测周期的荷载效应极值,并以此作为建立评估荷载模型的基础。     

衬砌劣化对水下盾构隧道变形的影响分析

针对目前世界最大直径水下盾构隧道的工程背景和劣化环境,通过分析衬砌劣化机理和行业规范标准确定了以有效厚度考量衬砌结构劣化,采用强度折减原理对强度参数进行逐步地折减,建立了考虑地层土性和覆土厚度影响的水下盾构隧道衬砌劣化模型,运用数值计算方法分析了衬砌劣化的多种组合工况,从而对衬砌劣化引起上海长江隧道（崇明越江通道）变形的特征表现和趋势规律进行了研究和探讨。研究结果表明：基于有效厚度折减的衬砌劣化分析方法能够有效地反映劣化后隧道结构的整体变形状况,且计算结果可靠合理,可为盾构隧道健康状态诊断与分析提供理论依据和技术支持,也可为运营管理部门正确及时的养护维修提供借鉴和指导。     

基于系统工程的春运摩托车返乡潮现象的交通事故机理分析

春运摩托车返乡潮是我国近几年出现的独特新现象,其交通事故频发的状况引起了社会的高度关注。针对此问题,采用交通系统工程的分析方法,构建了摩托车交通安全系统的基本要素及其相互关系模型图,以有关的文献报道和调查资料为基础,从人、车、路、环境和管理等方面归纳分析了恶劣天气型、疲劳行车型、黑夜行车型、路况不熟型、路况不良型及骑车技能不佳型等6种类型摩托车交通事故的机理。最后分别给公路管理部门、交警部门及政府提出了对策建议。     

海中洲隧道扩建中原隧道塌方的处理技术

目前国内尚无相应的基于改建或扩建既有老隧道的设计规范和规程作为设计方案之依据,在改扩建过程中如何制定合理、可靠的设计方案和施工方案,以海中洲城市隧道扩建过程为例,通过对原塌方区情况调查分析、研究,提出地表注浆锚杆加固、塌腔处理、塌腔回填等综合整治措施。总结出以下结论:1)对于老隧道改扩建工程,首先应熟悉老隧道情况,其次通过多种手段做详细的地质勘察,为系统性设计方案提供充分的依据;2)对于波及地表的土质浅埋隧道塌方处理,应综合考虑各种因素及相互关系,采用全面系统的整治方案;3)"稳固既有坍塌面,快速处理封闭成环"是防止原塌方规模进一步扩大的关键,对塌腔壁采用喷、网、锚、撑综合加固是行之有效的方法。     

地铁明挖车站有关配筋问题的探讨

探讨明挖地铁车站配筋计算的一些问题。提出了在地铁车站配筋设计时应考虑消峰、轴力、腋角、分布筋等设计理念。这些设计理念并非很高深,但若能在地铁设计中得以贯彻,对提高设计质量,降低工程投资却很有益处。     

A fundamental investigation of tilt control systems for narrow commuter vehicles

One way of addressing traffic congestion is by efficiently utilizing the existing highway infrastructure. Narrow tilting vehicles that need a reduced width lane can be part of the solution if they can be designed to be safe, stable, and easy to operate. In this paper, a control system that stabilizes the tilt mode of such a vehicle without affecting the handling of the vehicle is proposed. This control system is a combination of two different types of control schemes known as steering tilt control (STC) and direct tilt control (DTC) systems. First, different existing variations of both STC and DTC systems are considered and their shortcomings analysed. Modified control schemes are then suggested to overcome the deficiencies. Then a new method of integrating these two control schemes that guarantees smooth switchover between the controllers as a function of vehicle velocity is proposed. The performance of the proposed STC, DTC, and integrated systems is evaluated by carrying out simulations for different operating conditions and some experimental work. The design of a second-generation narrow tilting vehicle on which the developed control system has been implemented is presented.     

浅埋暗挖法新趋势

为了探索与研究新形势下浅埋暗挖法的发展出路,通过对近10年国内采用浅埋暗挖法的12项典型工程设计思路、施工效果的论述分析,结合21世纪经济社会新形势,提出浅埋暗挖法的发展新趋势。主要趋势有:1)强化辅助工法,简化主要工法;2)提高机械化、自动化、数字化水平,减少劳动力投入;3)控制好辅助工法阶段施工风险至关重要;4)辅助工法的造价将成为决定浅埋暗挖工法竞争力的重要因素。     

柴油机尿素SCR氨分布均匀性的试验与模拟优化

在发动机排气温度300℃、排气流量400kg/h的条件下,测量了尿素SCR催化剂载体前端面的NH3浓度分布。测试结果表明:载体前端面NH3浓度分布均匀性较差,NH3浓度最大值约是最小值的6倍,试验NH3分布均匀性指数仅为0.791。为了提高NH3的分布均匀性,采用CFD软件建立了该SCR系统的流动以及尿素水溶液的喷雾、热解和水解反应等模型,并研究了混合器对NH3浓度分布的影响。模拟结果表明:尿素水溶液喷射后,部分液滴发生撞壁,在排气管直管段大部分液滴集中沿管壁方向运动,进入进口多孔管后液滴分散开,但整体液滴分布不均匀。安装混合器能够使NH3分布均匀性指数和NOx转化效率提高约10%。