Assessing additional fuel consumption from cabin thermal comfort and auxiliary needs on the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle

Standards for fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions are implemented worldwide in most light-duty vehicle markets. Regulatory drive cycles, defined as specific time-speed patterns, are used to measure levels of fuel consumption and emissions. These measurements should realistically reflect real world driving performance, however there is increasing concern about their adequacy due to the discrepancies observed between certified and real world consumption and emissions values. One of the main reasons for the discrepancy is that current testing protocols do not account for non-mechanical vehicle energy needs, such as passengers’ thermal comfort needs and the use of electric auxiliaries on-board. Cabin heating and cooling can especially lead to considerable increase in vehicle energy consumption. This paper presents a simulation-based assessment framework to account for the additional fuel consumption related to the cabin thermal energy and auxiliary needs under the worldwide-harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP). A vehicle cabin model is developed and the thermal comfort energy needs are derived for cooling and heating, depending on ambient external temperature under cold, moderate and warm climates. A modification to the WLTP is proposed by including the generated power profiles for thermal comfort and auxiliary needs. Dynamic programming is used to compute the fuel consumption on the modified WLTP for a rechargeable series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) architecture. Results show consumption increases of 20% to 96% compared to the currently adopted WLTP, depending on the considered climate.     

考虑动态稳定性的船舶电网重构技术研究

在进行供电网络重构策略的寻优过程中,一般只考虑最大负载恢复量、节点电压、电流约束等目标网络的稳态信息,系统动态稳定性则因为判断策略复杂等因素,常常忽视重构方案在实施过程中动态稳定性问题。因此,在进行重构方案的寻优过程中,除了考虑重构后网络中的潮流分布因素外,还应对预想性重构方案执行过程的稳定性进行分析,以确保决策全面可实现性。如果不进行重构策略的动态稳定性校验,仅凭“最大负载恢复量”和“潮流分布”选择的重构方案可能会导致故障影响进一步扩大,产生更严重的事故。本文将从船舶供电系统的特点和船舶供电网络重构的需求出发,建立一种准确、快速的分析方法。     

计算单点滑环系统失效概率的蒙特卡洛方法

建立单点滑环系统失效的动态故障树模型,利用齐次马尔科夫链表示状态空间的转移过程,并求出滑环系统失效概率精确解。提出计算单点滑环系统失效概率的蒙特卡洛方法,编制蒙特卡洛仿真程序,求解齐次马尔科夫链的数值解,结果显示,当抽样数等于5 000时,结果趋近收敛,数值解与精确解吻合良好。对于非齐次马尔科夫链,由于无法求出精确解,因此利用蒙特卡洛法求解滑环系统失效概率的数值解,数值解失效概率的变化规律与前述结果一致,验证了蒙特卡洛法的适用性。利用蒙特卡洛法求解系统停产的概率,与滑环系统失效概率进行对比发现,在相同工作时间下,系统停产概率明显小于系统失效概率。结果显示,蒙特卡洛法的收敛性好,结果精度高,且能解决马尔科夫法不能解决的问题,可以很好地应用在单点滑环系统的风险评估中。     

Seismic Dynamic Response of an Atrium-type Subway Station北大核心CSCD

Atrium-type subway stations have been utilized for multifunctional demands. For natural lighting, the middle parts of slabs are replaced by beams. And to expand space, no columns are set for the 1st floor underground, while flat columns are set for the 2nd floor. These characteristics make the seismic response of the atrium-type subway station differ from the traditional station. In this paper, by a shaking table test of soil-structure 1/30 scale model of the atrium-type subway station, the amplification and attenuation effect of soils to the ground motion, as well as the acceleration and the strain response of the structure are analyzed when the model is subjected to lateral ground motions with different PGA and frequency contents. Subsequently, the seismic dynamic effect on the structural internal force distribution is discussed to improve the seismic design of the atrium-type subway station. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

A family of macroscopic node models

The family of macroscopic node models which comply to a set of basic requirements is presented and analysed. Such models are required in macro-, mesoscopic traffic flow models, including dynamic network loading models for dynamic traffic assignment. Based on the behaviour of drivers approaching and passing through intersections, the model family is presented. The headway and the turn delay of vehicles are key variables. Having demand and supply as input creates a natural connection to macroscopic link models. Properties like the invariance principle and the conservation of turning fractions are satisfied. The inherent non-uniqueness is analysed by providing the complete set of feasible solutions. The node models proposed by Tampère et al. (2011), Flötteröd and Rohde (2011) and Gibb (2011) are members of the family. Furthermore, two new models are added to the family. Solution methods for all family members are presented, as well as a qualitative and quantitative comparison. Finally, an outlook for the future development of empirically verified models is given.     

大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥结构检测与安全评估研究

为确保大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥的运营安全,文章依托广西某大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥工程,通过索力检测、静力加载试验和动力荷载试验进行了桥梁结构检测与安全评估研究,为大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥的后期运营养护提供参考依据。     

A multi-objective approach for Dynamic Airspace Sectorization using agent based and geometric models

A key limitation when accommodating the continuing air traffic growth is the fixed airspace structure including sector boundaries. The geometry of sectors has stayed relatively constant despite the fact that route structures and demand have changed dramatically over the past decade. Dynamic Airspace Sectorization is a concept where the airspace is redesigned dynamically to accommodate changing traffic demands. Various methods have been proposed to dynamically partition the airspace to accommodate the traffic growth while satisfying other sector constraints and efficiency metrics. However, these approaches suffer from several operational drawbacks, and their computational complexity increases fast as the airspace size and traffic volume increase. In this paper, we evaluate and identify the gaps in existing 3D sectorization methods, and propose an improved Agent Based Model (iABM) to address these gaps. We also propose three additional models using KD-Tree, Bisection and Voronoi Diagrams in 3D, to partition the airspace to satisfy the convexity constraint and reduce computational cost. We then augment these methods with a multi-objective optimization approach that uses four objectives: minimizing the variance of controller workload across the sectors, maximizing the average sector flight time, and minimizing the distance between sector boundaries and the traffic flow crossing points. Experimental results show that iABM has the best performance on workload balancing, but it is restrictive when it comes to the convexity constraint. Bisection- and Voronoi Diagram-based models perform worse than iABM on workload balancing but better on average sector flight time, and they can satisfy the convexity constraint. The KD-tree-based model has a lower computational cost, but with a poor performance on the given objectives.     

筒式液阻减振器工作特性的实验研究

作者制备了一种单筒式减振器实验样品,利用专用振动实验台对其外特性和内特性进行了测试和分析。比较了低速工作条件下油液阻尼力、补偿阻力和摩擦阻力等之间的关系。考察了不同激振频率和幅值条件下减振器工作特性的不同特征及原因,探讨了油液工作温度以及橡胶衬套等的影响。建立了简化的减振器力学模型,据此分析了等效阻尼系数、等效刚度、激振频率、振幅等参数对减振器阻力幅值和滞后角的影响,解释了实验测试中的现象。     

电动汽车多自由度整车建模与仿真分析

多自由整车动力学模型是开发电动汽车虚拟样机的核心技术。为研究不同自由度整车动力学模型的适用工况,文章根据经典的汽车动力学思想,利用Matlab/Simulink分别建立了整车动力学模型DOF_2、DOF_7和DOF_10,并进行了单移线工况的仿真实验。实验结果表明,2自由度和7自由度整车模型可适用于模拟低速转弯的行驶工况,10自由度整车模型可适用于模拟低速转弯和高速转弯等多种工况。综上,文章所建模型可为不同工况下整车控制和自适应巡航等项目提供研发平台。     

电动汽车Cruise模型及其动力经济性匹配分析

根据某电动汽车的计算参数,文章在理论研究的基础上,对驱动电机、动力电池、传动系统和轮胎进行了参数匹配。基于AVL Cruise建立了整车性能仿真模型,继而对该款电动汽车整车进行了动力性和经济性模拟仿真分析。通过仿真验证了该款汽车动力性指标和经济性指标均符合要求,且验证了其动力系统理论匹配和经济性分析方法的合理性。