基于动视觉特性的高速公路景观敏感区划分

分析了驾驶人动视觉特性, 研究了驾驶人的水平视野角度、前景视图、注意力集中点与最深视野随着车速的变化规律, 构建了基于驾驶人动视觉特性的高速公路景观敏感区模型, 并推导了景观敏感区函数。运用景观敏感区模型计算了双向四车道高速公路在不同限速条件下的景观敏感区尺度, 运用景观敏感区函数获得分级结果, 并阐述了不同景观敏感区的属性与景观要素设计要点。通过对比试验, 研究了边坡宽度与一级景观敏感区尺度之间的关系。研究结果表明: 双向四车道高速公路景观敏感区尺度为545m, 一~三级敏感区尺度分别为55、260、230m, 其中一级景观敏感区属于最敏感区域; 进行边坡景观设计时可通过修正坡度的方法改变边坡宽度占高速公路景观敏感区的比重, 坡度越缓, 景观敏感性越高。     

几何设计对快速路立交匝道行车安全性的影响

由于城市快速路转向交通流量大、线形设计标准低,快速路立交匝道成为交通事故的多发点。利用上海市快速路3年事故数据和交通流量检测数据,以上海市浦西地区快速路立交匝道为研究对象,根据车辆在匝道上的行驶特征以及车辆交互特性,将立交匝道划分成出口段、衔接段和入口段及左转匝道、右转匝道等5个研究单元,针对各单元分别建立负二项模型分析匝道几何设计及其组合参数、交通流特征对于安全的影响。结果表明,出口段及入口段的安全性与几何特征的联系较为紧密;迂回式左转匝道相较于右转匝道受几何线形影响大;流量越大、长度越长,事故风险越高,但出口段的长度与事故发生呈负相关关系;出口处为直线、入口处存在长直下坡路段、入口处线形与主线差异大的立交匝道安全性差;迂回式左转匝道上存在过小半径曲线,特别是将小半径曲线设置在出口处,会极大增加事故几率。     

北京市城市轨道交通通勤大客流特征分析

分析了城市轨道交通通勤大客流的产生原因、特征及其主要表现.结合大客流对线网的影响作用,构建大客流指标体系,提出针对通勤大客流时空分布特征的评价分析方法;定义相对满载率,对大客流时空传播进行量化表征.基于北京市城市轨道交通运营统计数据,对北京市城市轨道交通早高峰通勤大客流的总体特征及时空变化进行分析,定位了发生大客流的线路、车站和断面,获取早高峰通勤大客流在规模、方向、时空分布等方面的基本规律.结果表明,换乘方向客流不均衡对换乘站大客流具有重要影响;最拥堵断面常分布于郊区线与主干线换乘点附近;换乘站较多的线路,拥挤持续时间较短且疏散较快.     

济南市BRT-1号线行车速度特性分析及改善建议

快速公共交通作为1种新型的公交模式,因其投资少、建设周期短、见效快等特点已被作为解决城市交通拥堵问题的有效方式.济南中央岛封闭站台式BRT-1采用封闭式站台,具有BRT专用车道,相比常规公交具有较高的运输效率,然而BRT-1车辆在运行中也存在诸如运行速度相对低下等问题,采用人工调查及便携式GPS调查数据,从行车速度特性曲线,站间行程速度与全程行程速度以及时变特性,空间特性方面对行车速度进行了分析,并对济南市中央岛封闭站台式BRT-1车辆运行方案提出了几条建议.     

桥梁风致振动的混沌特性

利用非线性理论和混沌时间序列分析方法, 建立了桥梁风致振动的数学模型, 开发了计算桥梁振动加速度时间序列Lyapunov指数的MATLAB程序, 进行了桥梁涡振和颤振的风洞试验, 分析了不同风攻角下的桥梁风致振动的阻尼比、Lyapunov指数与风速的关系以及涡振振幅与风速的关系, 研究了桥梁颤振和涡振的混沌特性。试验结果表明: 在颤振试验中, 当风速小于颤振临界风速15.5m·s^-1时, Lyapunov指数小于0, Lyapunov指数与阻尼比存在很大的相关性, 当风速从3m·s^-1增大为18m·s^-1时, 相空间逐渐发散; 在涡振试验中, 当风速从4.5m·s^-1增大至8.5m·s^-1时, Lyapunov指数大于0, 桥梁发生明显涡振, 并由多频振动逐渐转变为单频振动, 相空间变为一个较为理想的圆。桥梁的涡振与颤振均属于混沌现象, 低风速下的Lyapunov指数可用来预测高风速下的风致振动, 并且利用相空间也能识别涡振与颤振。     

HCCI发动机燃用MTBE/正庚烷混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性的研究

对正庚烷及其与不同比例甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的混合燃料在高速4缸柴油机上进行单缸HCC I燃烧排放试验。试验结果表明,随着MTBE比例的增加,混合燃料的HCC I燃烧低温反应弱化并延迟,进而导致整个HCC I高温阶段燃烧被抑制,燃烧相位延迟,因而MTBE添加具有拓展正庚烷HCC I燃烧负荷的潜力。     

关于气动系统在汽车工装夹具上的应用探讨

本文基于汽车车身工装夹具基础内容展开分析,结合气动系统的基础组成和应用特征。通过研究气缸的应用、控制阀应用、气动三联件、管路应用、消声器应用等内容。其目在于明确气动系统的应用要点,为后续应用体系的完善奠定基础。     

PHEV能量管理策略研究

针对一款串联型插电式混合动力公交车,文章基于MTLALB建立整车和各部件数值模型。在中国典型城市公交工况下,建立基于全局优化的DP策略,并与CD-CS策略和PMP策略进行能耗对比分析。结果表明:(1)基于CD-CS策略的后期SOC在一定范围内波动,DP策略与PMP策略的SOC轨迹近似呈线性变化。(2)CD-CS策略较DP策略的能耗成本高22.68%,PMP策略比DP策略的能耗成本高0.30%。DP策略与PMP策略可以合理分配能量源,实现全局最优,但DP策略相比PMP策略计算量大。     

Development of control models for the planning of sustainable transportation systems

Planning of sustainable transportation systems requires integration of multiple systems while considering a holistic approach. A limited amount of research has been conducted that simultaneously considers all the transportation, economic activity, environmental and social effects. The proposed research envisages incorporating considerations related to sustainability and providing solutions to stakeholders in policy making. In this paper, a dynamic model for planning and development of sustainable transportation systems is presented. This is given by a system of three nonlinear differential equations representing the dynamics of the three independent states, namely, transportation, activity, and environmental systems. A policy scenario considering investment in energy efficient technologies and its effects on the states is discussed to assist making investment decisions. Optimal control techniques are used to design the controls. The results show that it is possible to formulate an optimal control to achieve the desired target. Numerical results, based on actual parameters, are presented to illustrate the long-term trends of the states. The methodology discussed in this paper will be helpful to decision makers in making optimal decisions. The contribution of this research work is the introduction of a systems and controls methodology to develop optimal policies for the design of sustainable systems.     

W-SPSA in practice: Approximation of weight matrices and calibration of traffic simulation models

The development and calibration of complex traffic models demands parsimonious techniques, because such models often involve hundreds of thousands of unknown parameters. The Weighted Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (W-SPSA) algorithm has been proven more efficient than its predecessor SPSA (Spall, 1998), particularly in situations where the correlation structure of the variables is not homogeneous. This is crucial in traffic simulation models where effectively some variables (e.g. readings from certain sensors) are strongly correlated, both in time and space, with some other variables (e.g. certain OD flows). In situations with reasonably sized traffic networks, the difference is relevant considering computational constraints. However, W-SPSA relies on determining a proper weight matrix (W) that represents those correlations, and such a process has been so far an open problem, and only heuristic approaches to obtain it have been considered.This paper presents W-SPSA in a formally comprehensive way, where effectively SPSA becomes an instance of W-SPSA, and explores alternative approaches for determining the matrix W. We demonstrate that, relying on a few simplifications that marginally affect the final solution, we can obtain W matrices that considerably outperform SPSA. We analyse the performance of our proposed algorithm in two applications in motorway networks in Singapore and Portugal, using a dynamic traffic assignment model and a microscopic traffic simulator, respectively.