Ecophysiological growth characteristics and modeling of the onset of the spring bloom in the Baltic Sea

The onset of spring bloom in temperate areas is a transition period where the low productive, winter phytoplankton community is transformed into a high productive spring community. Downwelling irradiance, mixing depth and the ability of the phytoplankton community to utilize the light, are key parameters determining the timing of the onset of the spring bloom. Knowing these parameters would thus provide tools for modeling the spring bloom and enhance our knowledge of ecophysiological processes during this period.Our main objective with this study was to provide data for the growth characteristics of some key species forming the spring bloom in the Gulf of Finland, and to apply those results in a simple dynamic model for the onset of the spring bloom, in order to test if the timing of the spring bloom predicted by the models corresponds to field observations. We investigated the photosynthetic characteristics of three diatoms and two dinoflagellates (Chaetoceros wighamii, Melosira arctica, Thalassiosira baltica, Scrippsiella hangoei and Woloszynskia halophila), at low temperatures (4–5 °C). All of these species are common during spring bloom in the Baltic Sea.Cultures of these species were acclimated to different irradiance regimes prior to measurements of photosynthesis, respiration, pigment concentration and light absorption. We did not find a positive relationship between respiration and growth rate, and we hypothesize that this relationship, which is well established at higher temperatures, is negligible or absent at low temperatures (< 10 °C). Photosynthetic maximum (P_m), and maximum light utilization coefficient (α) was lowest and respiration (R) highest in the dinoflagellates.We made a model of the onset of the spring bloom in the western part of Gulf of Finland, using the obtained data together with monitoring data of mixing depth and water transparency from this area. Model results were compared to field observations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration. There was a good agreement between the model predictions and the observed onset of the spring bloom for the diatoms. S. hangoei, however, was not able to reach positive production in the model, and W. halophila had the similar growth characteristics as S. hangoei. Consequently, these species must have other competition strategies enabling them to exist and grow during spring bloom.     

Experimental study on a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice-covered water. Model tests were carried out with two different depths of cut into the ice (15 and 35 mm), two different ice conditions (presawn and pack ice conditions), and four different azimuthing angles. The depth of cut is the maximum penetration depth of the propeller blade into the ice block. The 0.3-m-diameter model propeller was operated in a continuous ice milling condition. Ice loads were measured by several sensors which were installed in various positions on the model. Six one-axis pancake-style load cells on the top of the model measured the global loads and two six-component dynamometers were installed on the shaft to measure the shaft loads. One six-component dynamometer was attached to the one of the propeller blades inside the hub to measure the blade loads. The pod unit and propeller performance in ice are presented. Ice-related loads, which were obtained when the blade was inside the ice block, are introduced and discussed. During the propeller–ice interaction, a blade can experience the path generated by the previous blade, which is called the shadowing effect. The effects of shadowing, depth of cut, azimuthing angle, and advance coefficient on propulsor performance are presented and discussed.     

Seasonality of picophytoplankton chlorophyll a and biomass in the central Cantabrian Sea, southern Bay of Biscay

Seasonal changes in the abundance and biomass of cyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus) and picoeukaryotes were studied by flow cytometry in the upper layers of the central Cantabrian Sea continental shelf, from April 2002 to April 2006. The study area displayed the typical hydrographic conditions of temperate coastal zones. A marked seasonality of the relative contribution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes was found. While cyanobacteria were generally more abundant for most of the year (up to 2.4 10⁵ cells mL^− 1), picoeukaryotes dominated the community (up to 10⁴ cells mL^− 1) from February to May. The disappearance of Prochlorococcus from spring through summer is likely related to shifts in the prevailing current regime. The maximum total abundance of picophytoplankton was consistently found in late summer–early autumn. Mean photic-layer picoplanktonic chlorophyll a ranged from 0.06 to 0.53 µg L^− 1 with a relatively high mean contribution to total values (33 ± 2% SE), showing maxima around autumn and minima in spring. Biomass (range 0.58–40.16 mg C m^− 3) was generally dominated by picoeukaryotes (mean ± SE, 4.28 ± 0.27 mg C m^− 3) with an average contribution of cyanobacteria of 30 ± 2%. Different seasonality of pigment and biomass values resulted in a clear temporal pattern of picophytoplanktonic carbon to chlorophyll a ratio, which ranged from 10 (winter) to 140 (summer). This study highlights the important contribution of picoplanktonic chlorophyll a and carbon biomass in this coastal ecosystem.     

Biologically induced differences in erodibility and aggregation of subtidal and intertidal sediments: a possible cause for seasonal changes in sediment deposition

This study was carried out to describe the difference in erodibility and aggregation in a tidal basin including both subtidal and intertidal study sites and to use these results to explain the shifting erosion/deposition cycles at the sites. Erosion thresholds, erosion rates and settling velocities of the eroded material were measured at a mudflat transect and at sediment cores taken from a nearby tidal channel during surveys made in May 2000 and March 2002. Surface samples were analysed for grain-size, chl. a content, faecal pellet content, dry bulk density and organic content. Additionally, surface samples were taken at eight occasions in the period January 2002 to May 2003 from shallow tidal channels in the area. These samples were analysed for mud content and showed that major shifts in sediment distribution occurred in the period. The erodibility of the mudflat was generally high due to pelletization by the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae but close to the salt marsh much lower erodibility was found, probably due to stabilisation by microphytobenthos. In contrast, the erodibility of the channel bed seemed to be very little influenced by biological activity and the relatively low erodibility found here was caused by physical characteristics of the sediment. The sediment eroded from the mudflat was generally strongly pelletized and showed high settling velocities whereas less aggregation and lower settling velocities were found for the channel bed sediments. Temporal variations of the mudflat stability and hydrodynamics resulted in temporal variations of deposition and erosion and the changing stability at the mudflat is likely to be one of the main reasons for a general transport of fine-grained sediment from the mudflat to the channel in the cold seasons and vice versa during the rest of the year.     

两种舰船—飞机耦合系统的降阶建模方法

舰船的运动和甲板的变形，对着舰飞机的冲击载荷会产生影响，而该冲击载荷又会直接影响飞行甲板的变形，因此两者的运动是耦合的，需要把它们作为一耦合系统进行分析。本文对该耦合系统提出了两种降阶建模方法。该方法首先对飞行甲板进行动力缩聚，使其只包含在整个降落过程中会与飞机起落架的运动发生耦合的所有自由度，然后把降阶了的模型与飞机一起建工耦合动力学方程。运用该方法建立起来的动力学方程规模将大大减小。通过对某型号飞机及舰船计算表明，本文提出的方法是可行的。     

轨道交通区域快线车辆检修修程研究

随着城市轨道交通发展,区域快线对车辆日常维护检修提出新的要求,科学合理的车辆检修标准既能提高列车可靠性和投运率,同时可以避免过度修,节约资源。通过对车辆检修修程的影响因素及目前国内主要轨道交通日常维护及检修修程进行研究,结合在建区域快线项目的特点,提出区域快线车辆检修修程研究成果,为区域快线的建设提供理论依据。     

四阶段交通预测模型基础数据库设计

基础数据是交通模型的根本，一个好的基础数据库也是交通模型可靠性的有力保障。本文分析了建立四阶段交通规划模型的数据需求，并对其来源进行了分析，提出了最基本的交通模型数据库结构。     

信江东大河复杂浅滩段航道整治方案比选

信江是鄱阳湖流域的五大河流之一,现状航道为Ⅶ级,不满足社会经济发展要求,信江下游拟通过渠化工程来提高航道等级。根据最新河道地形资料及实测水文资料建立工程段的平面二维水流泥沙数学模型并进行详细验证,对航道整治工程后的水流、泥沙冲淤进行计算。对东大河蔡家洲、干港口、磨盘洲3个重点滩险段航道现状及碍航特性进行分析,提出渠化工程后3个险滩段航道整治布置方案,综合考虑工程后的水流运动、工程量、行洪影响、航槽稳定等条件,综合比选得到3个险滩段的航道整治推荐方案及对蔡家洲滩进行工程方案优化,设计成果可为类似航道整治提供参考。     

AHP法在崇启高速公路生态环境综合影响评价中的应用

构建压力—状态—响应框架模型。对于可定量分析的指标,采用实地监测的方法来获取,对于定性描述的指标,采用专家咨询和分级打分的方法来获取。得到各个评价因子的数值后,采用层次分析法(AHP)来确定各个影响因子的权值,最后加权平均。以崇启高速公路施工期和营运期为例,对生态环境进行分析和评价。     

一种浮标自由上浮模型试验换算方法

对浮标自由上浮模型试验过程中的受力进行分析,提出一种预报浮标实尺在水下自由上浮过程中最大稳定速度的方法,预报结果与CFD模拟的结果相近.