大连地铁车站风道风井设置简介

地铁车站风道风井的合理设置对于车站施工工法、地面风井规划、车站规模及工程造价都有很大的影响,详细介绍了大连地铁风道风井设置及环控系统的组成。     

太兴铁路穿越吕梁山段越岭方案研究

为确定太原至兴县铁路穿越吕梁山脉的方案,设计人员进行了大范围的线路比选。通过对工程所经地区控制选线的因素进行说明,结合地方规划和环境敏感点等着重选取沿湫水河的大石林沟垭口方案和沿蔚汾河的野鸡山垭口方案进行研究,从工程规模、工程投资、地方规划、环境保护等方面进行比较分析,最终确定沿湫水河的大石林沟垭口方案为合理越岭方案。通过对越岭方案研究过程进行论述,提出了一种设计思路,可为类似工程提供一定的借鉴作用。     

Marginal and total exceedance probabilities of environmental contours

Various methods have been proposed for defining an environmental contour, based on different concepts of exceedance probability. In the inverse first-order reliability method (IFORM) and the direct sampling (DS) method, contours are defined in terms of exceedances within a region bounded by a hyperplane in either standard normal space or the original parameter space, corresponding to marginal exceedance probabilities under rotations of the coordinate system. In contrast, the more recent inverse second-order reliability method (ISORM) and highest density (HD) contours are defined in terms of an isodensity contour of the joint density function in either standard normal space or the original parameter space, where an exceedance is defined to be anywhere outside the contour. Contours defined in terms of the total probability outside the contour are significantly more conservative than contours defined in terms of marginal exceedance probabilities. In this work we study the relationship between the marginal exceedance probability of the maximum value of each variable along an environmental contour and the total probability outside the contour. The marginal exceedance probability of the contour maximum can be orders of magnitude lower than the total exceedance probability of the contour, with the differences increasing with the number of variables. For example, a 50-year ISORM contour for two variables at 3-h time steps, passes through points with marginal return periods of 635 years, and the marginal return periods increase to 10,950 years for contours of four variables. It is shown that the ratios of marginal to total exceedance probabilities for DS contours are similar to those for IFORM contours. However, the marginal exceedance probabilities of the maximum values of each variable along an HD contour are not in fixed relation to the contour exceedance probability, but depend on the shape of the joint density function. Examples are presented to illustrate the impact of the choice of contour on simple structural reliability problems for cases where the use of contours defined in terms of either marginal or total exceedance probabilities may be appropriate. The examples highlight that to choose an appropriate contour method, some understanding about the shape of a structure's failure surface is required.     

生态脆弱区铁路工程建设对生态环境的影响研究——以红柳河至淖毛湖铁路为例

对位于新疆生态脆弱区的红柳河至淖毛湖铁路工程建设过程中可能的生态环境影响进行分析,重点研究铁路建设过程中对所经区域的自然植被、水土保持等的影响途径、影响程度及相应环保措施。指出现行环评体制下,铁路建设项目环评存在的不足并提出相应建议。     

Is rail cleaner and greener than bus?

The popular consensus is that urban passenger rail is more environmentally friendly than urban passenger bus. This position is largely associated with the key energy source for each mode, respectively electricity and diesel, where electric vehicle use will typically result in local air quality improvements away from the electricity generation source. Surveys of community perceptions reflect this sentiment; however the relationship between the source of energy and its resultant emissions is not something that citizens fully understand. There is a general lack of awareness of the resource base of much of electricity generation in some countries. Where generation sources are suitably renewable or low-carbon, electricity use will offer greenhouse gas abatement potential. However, in countries which still rely heavily on coal-fired power stations, such as Australia, abatement is not as assured and estimating emission outcomes can require careful assessment. Supporters of alternatives to diesel use can focus on the future supply of fossil-fuels, an argument which has merit; however such arguments are often confounded with environmental qualities related to local air pollution and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions. This paper takes a close look at the greenhouse emissions that are associated with urban rail and bus in Australia. Estimated intensities, when presented in the context of effective service delivery (primarily in terms of emissions per passenger kilometre), raise questions about the distortions that are present in the widespread promotion in Australia (at least) of rail as a more environmentally friendly and hence a sustainable mode of urban passenger transport than bus.     

Environmental standard adoption in Marinas: A spatiotemporal analysis of a special form of maritime transportation hubs

The growth of both commercial and recreational boating has posed significant environmental challenges to waterways. As an effort by the U.S. government and other public service organizations to prevent and mitigate the environmental impact, Clean Marina Programs (CMP) have been developed to encourage marina owners and operators to meet environmental standards and become better stewards of the environment. This study examines the impact of geospatial proximity on the adoption timing and diffusion of a CMP in marinas, a special form of a maritime transportation hub. Drawing upon case study methodology and literature on geography and organizational clusters, we find that the adoption timing of an environmental standard varies with the density of the market within which it is promoted. These results lend support to the notion that firms in close proximity can accelerate standard adoption, hastening information flow about environmental standards through local labor pools, customer interactions, and resources.     

Rural environment stakeholders and policy making: Willingness to pay to reduce road transportation pollution impact in the Western Pyrenees

In spite of the strategic national and regional development importance of transportation infrastructures, road transportation is one of the major sources of externalities worldwide. Using data collected from 900 residents living in 14 rural towns near the roads crossing the Spanish Pyrenees, we model citizens’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) to reduce noise and air pollution. We collect the data adopting a contingent valuation method (CVM) design and we analyze the data employing a Zero-Inflated Ordered Probit (ZIOP) model, which allows us to account for an excessive number of zero observations. Our results are in contrast with previous studies’ results with regard to environmental attitudes and socio-economic profiles of residents. Our findings indicate that the stakeholders living near major roads have higher incentives to offset environmental costs. Also, younger, better educated, and more environmentally-aware citizens are willing to pay more to reduce externalities, as they are influenced by their values and environmentally friendly sub-culture, possibly fostered during the past 30 years of green movement worldwide campaigning.     

台湾海峡隧道的环保问题及应对措施

在全球经济高速发展的当今,实现海峡两岸“三通”,是国内外各界积极探索的重要课题,其中海峡隧道的建设,是实现台湾海峡经济区战略发展的关键所在。由于海峡隧道建设工程浩大,交通运输繁忙,在建设和营运期,势必产生诸多环境问题,必须在建设前期予以充分论证,确保经济发展和环境保护双赢。     

汽车涂装产品生命周期环境成本控制研究

对汽车涂装产品生命周期的环境成本控制原则、控制模式、控制要素等问题进行了分析和探讨,论述汽车涂装产品的生态设计、环境材料选择、清洁生产方法及使用维护和回收处置的环境成本控制。     

Unbalanced development of inter-provincial high-grade highway in China: Decomposing the Gini coefficient

This study discusses the unbalanced development of Chinese inter-provincial high-grade highway from 1997 to 2013. It does so from the viewpoint of the inter-provincial Gini coefficient based on per capita mileage of high-grade highway, which is decomposed according to such dimensions as the increment of the Gini coefficient, the Gini coefficient of different types of high-grade highway, and the Gini coefficient between and within inland and coastal areas. The Gini coefficient of China’s per capita mileage of inter-provincial high-grade highway shows a declining trend year by year. According to the results from the decomposition of the contribution rate of different types of high-grade highway, the unbalanced development of inter-provincial high-grade highway is caused mainly by that of first- and second-grade highway. According to the results from the decomposition related to the increment of the Gini coefficient of China’s per capita mileage of inter-provincial high-grade highway, the decrease of the Gini coefficient from 1997 to 2013 was mainly the result of balanced distribution of high-grade highway among regions in China. According to the results from the decomposition of the Gini coefficient between and within inland and coastal areas, the unbalanced development of inter-provincial high-grade highway in China from 1997 to 2013 was caused mainly by the unbalanced development of inter-provincial high-grade highway in inland areas. Therefore, the authors argue that the government should pay more attention to protecting the environment and providing a suitable scale of highway network, which could promote long-term sustainable development.