Discretised link travel time models based on cumulative flows: Formulations and properties

In the research area of dynamic traffic assignment, link travel times can be derived from link cumulative inflow and outflow curves which are generated by dynamic network loading. In this paper, the profiles of cumulative flows are piecewise linearized. Both the step function (SF) and linear interpolation (LI) are used to approximate cumulative flows over time. New formulations of the SF-type and LI-type link travel time models are developed. We prove that these two types of link travel time models ensure first-in-first-out (FIFO) and continuity of travel times with respect to flows, and have other desirable properties. Since the LI-type link travel time model does not satisfy the causality property, a modified LI-type (MLI-type) link travel time model is proposed in this paper. We prove that the MLI-type link travel time model ensures causality, strong FIFO and travel time continuity, and that the MLI-type link travel time function is strictly monotone under the condition that the travel time of each vehicle on a link is greater than the free flow travel time on that link. Numerical examples are set up to illustrate the properties and accuracy of the three models.     

Global robust and adaptive output feedback dynamic positioning of surface ships

A constructive method was presented to design a global robust and adaptive output feedback controller for dynamic positioning of surface ships under environmental disturbances induced by waves, wind, and ocean currents. The ship’s parameters were not required to be known. An adaptive observer was first designed to estimate the ship’s velocities and parameters. The ship position measurements were also passed through the adaptive observer to reduce high frequency measurement noise from entering the control system. Using these estimate signals, the control was then designed based on Lyapunov’s direct method to force the ship’s position and orientation to globally asymptotically converge to desired values. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system. In conclusion, the paper presented a new method to design an effective control system for dynamic positioning of surface ships.     

某公路高边坡施工监测分析

某公路在建设施工中,由于地质不良和高山峡谷的地形等原因,高边坡稳定性问题非常显著。通过对 K4＋700～K4＋985段高边坡实地调查,进行了边坡深部位移、锚索应力、表观位移3项内容的施工监测,监测分析结果为边坡动态设计和施工提供依据,保证了边坡的稳定性,具有重要的实际工程意义。     

早期汽车设计驾驶人模型回顾

系统回顾了早期汽车驾驶人模型的发展与演变,根据驾驶人模型的设计理论和研究方法,将驾驶人模型分为方向控制驾驶人模型、STI模型、预期开环控制模型、双模式模型以及其他种类的模型,其中方向控制驾驶人模型又可分为预瞄驾驶人模型和线性状态变量控制模型。综述了上述各类汽车驾驶人模型的研究过程,分析论述了早期汽车驾驶人模型的结构特点,总结了各类驾驶人模型存在的不足,提出了驾驶人模型发展的新方向。     

Control of a hydraulically actuated continuously variable transmission

Vehicular drivelines with hierarchical powertrain control require good component controller tracking, enabling the main controller to reach the desired goals. This paper focuses on the development of a transmission ratio controller for a hydraulically actuated metal push-belt continuously variable transmission (CVT), using models for the mechanical and the hydraulic part of the CVT. The controller consists of an anti-windup PID feedback part with linearizing weighting and a setpoint feedforward. Physical constraints on the system, especially with respect to the hydraulic pressures, are accounted for using a feedforward part to eliminate their undesired effects on the ratio. The total ratio controller guarantees that one clamping pressure setpoint is minimal, avoiding belt slip, while the other is raised above the minimum level to enable shifting. This approach has potential for improving the efficiency of the CVT, compared to non-model based ratio controllers. Vehicle experiments show that adequate tracking is obtained together with good robustness against actuator saturation. The largest deviations from the ratio setpoint are caused by actuator pressure saturation. It is further revealed that all feedforward and compensator terms in the controller have a beneficial effect on minimizing the tracking error.     

区域综合货运系统与经济发展互动模型

将系统动力学理论应用于区域综合货运系统与经济发展的相互影响定量分析中,通过分析货运供需系统因果关系,研究货运需求、货运缺口、经济发展、运输投资等系统影响因素之间的反馈环路。在此基础上建立系统流图,构建货运系统与区域经济互动关系系统动力学模型。通过仿真试验,分析了运输投资比例、产业结构等与货运生成总量及货运缺口之间的定量关系。结果表明,运输基础设施投资比例的提高,能有效改善货运供给能力的不足,使得货运缺口减小,促进经济的增长;第1、2产业对于货运生成总量的贡献较大,第3产业对货运生成总量的贡献较小。     

基于成本迭代与需求迭代的四阶段交通模型双重反馈算法研究

四阶段交通模型作为最流行的交通需求预测模型理论,其计算结果存在不一致性的缺陷,反馈算法被引入模型结构中来解决不一致性的问题。研究提出了成本迭代与需求迭代的双重迭代反馈算法,并使用案例比较了它与既有反馈算法的差异。研究结果表明：成本迭代＋需求迭代的双重迭代模型结构能够在不影响预测结果的前提下减少迭代次数和系统运行时间,收敛过程更加稳定且能够适用于不同规格的交通网络。     

Can feedback from in-vehicle data recorders improve driver behavior and reduce fuel consumption?

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of feedback, based on In-Vehicle Data Recorders (IVDR), to improve driving behavior, increase driving safety, and reduce fuel consumption. We developed a framework for driving-behavior measurement, incorporating second-by-second data collected by IVDRs. IVDR units were installed in over 150 vehicles driven by more than 350 drivers for over a year. The experiment was divided into three stages. The first stage was a “blind”, control stage, with no feedback. The second stage incorporated verbal feedback given only to riskiest drivers. In the third stage all drivers received a bi-weekly written report about their driving performance. Safety events, such as braking, lateral acceleration or speeding, were recorded. Supplementary data regarding safety related events and fuel consumption were also collected. Safety incidents and fuel consumption were modeled as a function of IVDR measurement-based events, in order to identify which events best reflect safety incidents and excessive fuel consumption. Our results show that braking events best explain safety incidents, and all events together best explain fuel consumption. In addition, we found that for the riskiest drivers, feedback significantly reduced the IVDR events. Our models show that feedback can lead to a reduction of 8% in safety incidents, and 3–10% in fuel consumption, with a larger reduction obtained for large vehicles.     

Dynamics of connected vehicle systems with delayed acceleration feedback

In this paper, acceleration-based connected cruise control (CCC) is proposed to increase roadway traffic mobility. CCC is designed to be able to use acceleration signals received from multiple vehicles ahead through wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. We consider various connectivity structures in heterogeneous platoons comprised of human-driven and CCC vehicles. We show that inserting a few CCC vehicles with appropriately designed gains and delays into the flow, one can stabilize otherwise string unstable vehicle platoons. Exploiting the flexibility of ad-hoc connectivity, CCC can be applied in a large variety of traffic scenarios. Moreover, using acceleration feedback in a selective manner, CCC provides robust performance and remains scalable for large systems of connected vehicles. Our conclusions are verified by simulations at the nonlinear level.     

Exact and grid-free solutions to the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards traffic flow model with bounded acceleration for a class of fundamental diagrams

In this article, we propose a new exact and grid-free numerical scheme for computing solutions associated with an hybrid traffic flow model based on the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) partial differential equation, for a class of fundamental diagrams. In this hybrid flow model, the vehicles satisfy the LWR equation whenever possible, and have a constant acceleration otherwise. We first propose a mathematical definition of the solution as a minimization problem. We use this formulation to build a grid-free solution method for this model based on the minimization of component function. We then derive these component functions analytically for triangular fundamental diagrams, which are commonly used to model traffic flow. We also show that the proposed computational method can handle fixed or moving bottlenecks. A toolbox implementation of the resulting algorithm is briefly discussed, and posted at https://dl.dropbox.com/u/1318701/Toolbox.zip.