船舶结构疲劳强度分析中的几个问题

讨论了有关确定船舶结构疲劳寿命的几个重要因素;应为周期数、Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布形状参数ξ与船长关系、热点应力和切口应力等。以２５８,０００ｔ现有超大型油船（ＶＬＣＣ）的舷侧纵骨和甲板纵骨的疲劳强度为例进行了计算,计算结果表明预示的疲劳寿命较好反映了超大型油轮的疲劳寿命。     

Not bored yet - Revisiting respondent fatigue in stated choice experiments

Stated choice surveys are used extensively in the study of choice behaviour across many different areas of research, notably in transport. One of their main characteristics in comparison with most types of revealed preference (RP) surveys is the ability to capture behaviour by the same respondent under varying choice scenarios. While this ability to capture multiple choices is generally seen as an advantage, there is a certain amount of unease about survey length. The precise definition about what constitutes a large number of choice tasks however varies across disciplines, and it is not uncommon to see surveys with up to twenty tasks per respondent in some areas. The argument against this practice has always been one of reducing respondent engagement, which could be interpreted as a result of fatigue or boredom, with frequent reference to the findings of Bradley and Daly (1994) who showed a significant drop in utility scale, i.e. an increase in error, as a respondent moved from one choice experiment to the next, an effect they related to respondent fatigue. While the work by Bradley and Daly has become a standard reference in this context, it should be recognised that not only was the fatigue part of the work based on a single dataset, but the state-of-the-art and the state-of-practice in stated choice survey design and implementation has moved on significantly since their study. In this paper, we review other literature and present a more comprehensive study investigating evidence of respondent fatigue across a larger number of different surveys. Using a comprehensive testing framework employing both Logit and mixed Logit structures, we provide strong evidence that the concerns about fatigue in the literature are possibly overstated, with no clear decreasing trend in scale across choice tasks in any of our studies. For the data sets tested, we find that accommodating any scale heterogeneity has little or no impact on substantive model results, that the role of constants generally decreases as the survey progresses, and that there is evidence of significant attribute level (as opposed to scale) heterogeneity across choice tasks.     

‘Only work and sleep’: seafarers’ perceptions of job demands of short sea cargo shipping lines and their effects on work and life on board

Previous research on job demands in seafaring has focused on the effects of workload and circadian disturbance on seafarers’ health and fatigue. Taking a more comprehensive approach, this study identifies job demands of short sea cargo shipping lines and explores their effects on work and life on board. Data came from 54 interviews with officers and crew on five cargo ships. Findings revealed job demands related to characteristics of the schedule, ports, and sea voyages; these were not only associated with workload and circadian disturbance, but also with the difficulty of the work, the ability to plan ahead, and intrusions from third parties. Job demands affected outcomes through two interconnected processes. First, job demands had direct and indirect effects on fatigue and the working climate on board. Second, potential positive effects of job demands (i.e. interesting work and pay) were related to motivation and, together with a good working climate, could reduce turnover. Connecting the two processes, a good working climate was pivotal in counteracting negative emotions and supporting motivation and collaboration. In this way, it functioned as a key resource. External constraints could either buffer or reinforce these effects.     

Fatigue life prediction of welded stiffened 350WT steel plates

The propagation of fatigue cracks under constant amplitude cyclic loading was studied in welded stiffened steel plates. The residual stresses in the stiffened plates were measured using the neutron diffraction strain-scanning technique. A finite element model of the stiffened plate was constructed to simulate the residual stresses by an uncoupled thermal and thermo-mechanical analysis. Both the finite element model and the neutron diffraction measurements indicated that in general the residual stresses were tensile near the welded stiffeners and compressive between the stiffeners and ahead of the starter notch tip. Fatigue testing indicated that the fatigue crack growth rates of the stiffened plates were in general lower than that of a corresponding unstiffened plate, especially near the notch tip where compressive residual stresses existed. Both the finite element method and Green's function predicted the fatigue crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy.     

海上平台管节点疲劳性能研究

在研究D500系列管节点疲劳特性的基础上，吸取国内外研究成果，建立了适用较广的可靠的管节点疲劳寿命计算方法．文章给出了建立在大量数据基础上的S－N曲线，探讨了影响疲劳寿命的因素，进行了局部应力—应变法及断裂力学法计算分析，对海洋平台管节点提出了适用于工程实际的建议．     

钢桥面铺装材料疲劳性能研究

针对钢桥面铺装层容易出现疲劳开裂与车辙破坏的特点,提出采用4种有代表性的铺装层沥青混合料,通过应变控制模式下的四点弯曲疲劳试验方法,研究其疲劳特性以提高钢桥面铺装层的抗疲劳耐久特性和高温稳定性。通过多个应变水平下的疲劳试验,分析了沥青混合料劲度模量与改性沥青品质、疲劳寿命、滞后角的关系,验证了疲劳寿命与累积耗散能在双对数坐标下的线性关系,得出不同改性沥青混合料的疲劳曲线和疲劳方程。不同的铺装层材料很难建立相同的疲劳预测模型,只能根据直接的疲劳试验获得混合料的抗疲劳耐久特性。     

1700TEU集装箱船甲板舱口角隅疲劳强度评估

在消化吸收德国劳氏船级社（GL）规范的基础上,对沪东造船厂建造的1700TEU集装箱船大开口甲板舱口角隅进行了疲劳强度分析和评估,并讨论了主要参数对采用简化疲劳强度评估方法所得到的评估结果的影响。计算结果表明,该方法对集装箱船大开口甲板舱口角隅处的结构设计具有一定的实用意义和参考价值。     

在役混凝土桥梁非平稳抗力劣化模型建立与更新

为建立在役混凝土桥梁结构构件非平稳随机抗力劣化模型,并通过后验更新解决劣化模型与实际结构劣化特征的匹配问题,首先,联系在役混凝土桥梁结构实际劣化特征,基于Gamma随机过程推导并建立了初始抗力劣化模型,对初始模型所存在的问题进行探讨;其次,以初始模型吸收融合结构近期实际劣化状态为原则,以结构特定时刻劣化状态的确定为基础,构建了初始抗力劣化模型的后验更新流程;再次,联合非确定性层次分析法（NAHP）与实数遗传算法（RGA）建立了基于定期外观检测数据的特定时刻抗力劣化系数评定方法,为确保该评定方法为初始抗力劣化模型更新提供准确可靠的劣化数据,采用室内模型梁加载试验对所建立评定方法的准确性、适用性进行验证;最后,以一座在役25年的混凝土桥梁为例,基于所建立的分析方法框架,阐述了其一片内梁抗弯承载力劣化模型的建立与后验更新过程。结果发现：基于特定时刻抗力劣化系数评定方法所得到的劣化系数分析结果与试验值的误差介于2.83%~6.24%之间,由该方法所得到的特定时刻抗力劣化系数可应用于初始劣化模型的后验与更新,经过初始劣化模型的后验与更新,所得到的后验模型由于吸收了结构近期的实际劣化状态,在抗力劣化进程描述方面较初始模型具有更高的准确性和更好的匹配性。     

考虑腐蚀与疲劳损伤的船体总纵极限强度与可靠性分析

本文定量考虑了腐蚀与疲劳两类损伤对船体结构随时间变化的情况,并建立了船体总纵极限强度与时变可靠性的计算方法。对一条实船的分析说明,腐蚀和疲劳损伤虽然短时间内的破坏并不显著,但积累到一定程度,对船体结构的影响相当大。采用可靠性评估的方法,对船体总纵强度的安全水平可作出合理的评价。