Luster Polish Strengthening Treatment for Raceway Surface of Aeroengine Bearings

A new surface strengthening technology, luster polish strengthening treatment, was proposed to treat the raceway surface of aeroengine bearings (9Cr18Mo) with the centrifugal strengthening machine exclusively designed for luster polish strengthening treatment. The experimental results showed that luster polish strengthening treatment produced a compressive residual stress layer with a depth of over 80 μm below the surface of the bearing raceway, and thus effectively removed the metamorphic layer in the raceway surface. After luster polish strengthening treatment, the average surface hardness of the aeroengine bearing raceway was increased from 61.02 HRC to 63.01 HRC, the surface roughness was reduced from 0.06 μm to 0.03 μm, and the contact fatigue life of the aeroengine bearings was improved by about 90%, with the dispersion of fatigue life being reduced remarkably. Theoretical calculation result agrees with that obtained by experiment.     

腹板上有竖向裂缝的钢筋混凝土T梁抗剪强度试验研究

本文针对既有ＲＣ桥梁中大量存在的腹板上的竖向裂缝，进行了六片模型梁的静力破坏试验，研究了损伤梁的传力机一昨结构行为，提出了与试验结果相吻合的损伤桥梁的抗剪强度的计算方法。     

干湿循环作用下砂岩力学特性及能量损伤演化

内陆港口砂岩地基在水的循环作用下,岩石力学性能劣化,威胁港口地基的长期稳定性。为探究砂岩在干湿循环作用下的力学特性及能量损伤,开展不同干湿循环次数下的三轴压缩试验。结果表明:随着干湿循环作用的增强,砂岩力学性能指标逐渐衰减,当循环次数达到15次时,衰减幅度基本收敛;砂岩峰值强度、残余强度、弹性模量和变形模量的劣化度累积具有相似规律,干湿循环0~8次时累积速率较快,循环次数达到15次时累积速率放缓;在应力作用下,岩石吸收总能量随着应变增长而逐渐递增,耗散能累积主要集中在岩石破坏阶段。能量耗散导致损伤发展,损伤变量与耗散能走势较为一致。     

CKA-C型外锁闭装置动力学特性试验研究

在宁波地铁轨道测试线道岔上,安装了CKA-C型外锁闭装置进行行车试验,采集基本轨、尖轨连接铁、锁闭框、锁钩和锁闭杆的动力学响应数据,通过分析加速度信号的频谱及结构件所承受的应力,评估产品的安全性和可靠性。试验结果表明CKA-C型外锁闭装置能够满足使用需要,且具有较大的安全余量;产品的固有频率也避开了行车的特征频率,不会产生共振。     

A simple surrogate model for the rainflow fatigue damage arising from processes with bimodal spectra

There are many applications, in particular offshore engineering, in which the load process comprises a high frequency and a low frequency component, and each component can be regarded as a narrowband process. Many researchers have proposed spectral methods for evaluating the rainflow fatigue damage for such bimodal processes, nevertheless the accuracies of these methods still have room for improvement. Recently, the author has developed an analytical approach that compares well with numerical simulation; unfortunately, the approach is intricate and difficult to implement. This paper presents a new formula that is accurate, and yet simple enough for adoption in standard spreadsheets and design codes. The formula is valid for a wide range of parameter values and yields the exact theoretical result under several limiting conditions. The formula is calibrated based on extensive numerical simulations, and the database of results are fully presented herein so that they may be used directly in design, or for further studies.     

预防和降低船上疲劳的“STEP”机制

该文通过综合分析业界有关研究成果和国际海事组织关于船上疲劳的有关导则手册,梳理当前普遍认同的导致船上疲劳的因素并结合实际分析在预防和降低船上疲劳的过程中所面临的障碍,有针对性地提出从社会(Society)、技术(Technology)、经济(Economy)和政策(Policy)层面共同着手建立关于预防和降低船上疲劳的“STEP”机制。     

The use of operational modal analysis and mode tracking for insight into polar vessel operations

Accurate dynamic models of flexible ship structures are required to predict structural vibration caused by environmental loads. Knowledge of dynamic or modal properties are important, for example, to study fatigue damage. In this paper, operational modal analysis (OMA) is used to identify the vibration characteristics of a polar vessel from full-scale acceleration measurements. Five modes are tracked over a range of different operating and environmental conditions, including calm, open water, two ice cases and an open water storm. Compared to the calm, open water conditions, vertical bending modes were generally affected the most by the operating environment, with natural frequency and damping increasing up to 3.7 and 349 %, respectively, in ice. Severity of two-node and three-node vertical bending responses, quantified using a root-mean-square value, were found to be especially large during the open water storm case. Temporal behaviour of two-node and three-node vertical bending due to wave-slamming further contained multiple whipping responses, pointing towards possible cumulative damage over a large number of stress cycles occurring at the midship. Higher damping in ice resulted in responses with lower magnitudes and shorter durations.     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions

Fatigue crack propagation behavior under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions was investigated. Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation based on an advanced fracture mechanics approach using the RPG (Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation was improved to extract the effective part from the applied stress history for fatigue crack propagation. The parameter, which is based on the plastic hysteresis energy consumed in the vicinity of a crack tip, was applied and implemented into the numerical simulation code of fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation tests under various superimposed stress conditions with several mean stress conditions were performed and compared with the fatigue crack propagation histories obtained from the improved numerical simulations. These comparisons show the validity of the proposed procedure for extracting the effective stress history from the superimposed stress histories with different frequency components and mean stresses. Additionally, practical fatigue strength evaluations based on the linear cumulative fatigue damage parameter were conducted to investigate the tendency of the fatigue damage value under these stress conditions.     

Fatigue damage induced by vortex-induced vibrations in oscillatory flow

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a flexible cylinder in oscillatory flow was experimentally investigated in an ocean basin. An intermittent VIV was confirmed to have occurred during the tests. The fatigue damage caused by VIV was calculated based on rainflow counting and a standard S–N curve. There are 3 main observations for fatigue damage from VIV in oscillatory flow: 1) the damage varied significantly with the KC number, which is a unique feature for VIV in oscillatory flow. 2) Fatigue damage at small KC number cases was found to be larger compared to those at large KC numbers owing to the fact that number of vortex shedding cycles per half of the motion cycle is low, and damping within half of the motion cycle will hence become low. The fact that vortices from the previous cycle still are active during the next may also contribute to the large response at small KC numbers. 3) ‘Amplitude modulation’ and ‘mode transition’, two specific features for VIV in oscillatory flow, were found to have a strong influence on fatigue. Fatigue damage has also been calculated by an empirical VIV prediction model assuming that all cases have steady flow at an equivalent velocity. Finally, a simplified method for calculating fatigue damage from VIV in oscillatory flow based on steady flow conditions is proposed. A modification factor diagram is presented, but the scope of the present study is too limited to provide a good basis for a general model for this factor. A general model for how to apply results from constant current analysis to predict fatigue in oscillatory flow will therefore need further research.     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under biaxial tensile loadings with phase differences

Fatigue crack propagation under the biaxial tensile loading, which loading directions are normal and parallel to the initial crack position, is highlighted in this study. Most of in-service structures and vessels are subjected to many types of loading. Generally, these loadings have different axial components with different phases. However, the structural integrities of structures and vessels are evaluated according to design codes based on theoretical and experimental investigations under a uniaxial loading condition. Most of these codes are based on the S–N curves approach. An approach that does not use S–N curves has been favored by researchers, with the fracture mechanics approach preferred for evaluating the fatigue life of structures. An advanced fracture mechanics approach was developed based on the Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating (RPG) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation. In this study, fatigue crack propagation tests under biaxial loading with six different phase and loading conditions are performed and the effect of the phase difference under biaxial loading is evaluated. A numerical simulation method of fatigue crack propagation based on the RPG stress criterion under different biaxial loading phase conditions is presented and compared to measured data.