Uncertainty due to discretization on the ALE algorithm for predicting water slamming loads

Numerical uncertainty due to discretization on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Finite Element method is investigated in the study. The paper quantifies uncertainty using two ITTC recommended methods, and also applies a constant Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) number based discretization approach, instead of performing the independent grid and time-based discretization recommended by ITTC. As a case study, water entry of a flat bottom rigid and flexible plate is simulated considering various entry velocities. The total slamming loads and structural responses on both the rigid and elastic bottom plates are predicted and validated against available experimental data. Results indicate that numerical errors due to discretization differ in the various parameters and from case to case. They do affect the analysis of slamming loads and associated structural responses, and the hydroelasticity analysis as well. The hydroelasticity effects on the slamming force generally increase as the entry velocity increases, however, the quantitative results differ much for models with different grids. For example, when the hydroelasticity effect is estimated using the finer model, the deviation of the total slamming force on the elastic plate relative to the one on the rigid body are 56%, 57%, and 63% respectively for the three constant entry velocities, whereas the estimations are −27%, −4% and 3% with the coarser model. The study concludes that the uncertainty due to discretization in ALE is not just case-specific, but also parameter specific. The uncertainty quantification procedures with a constant CFL number based refinement are recommended to investigate the uncertainty comparing to the individual grid and time step study, in particular for the ALE solution where the time step is adjusted automatically as the grid changes. Thus, consideration should be given to updating the ITTC guidelines to incorporate the constant CFL based discretization approach.     

航运提单标准电子报文研究及开发

通过研究EDI、EDIFACT标准和现行使用的航运提单，按照EDIFACT标准开发了航运提单的标准电子报文，并以一个具体实例，解释开发的标准航运提单电子报文的应用。     

出发场咽喉区兼作编尾牵出线的场间联系方案

针对牵出线长度比较短,无法停放一整列溜放车列的情况,需要将牵出线延伸至出发场咽喉区,对此本文提出一种场间联系方案,并对电路细节进行分析和设计.     

Prediction of slamming pressure considering fluid-structure interaction. Part II: Derivation of empirical formulations

This is Part II in a series of papers. Part I [1] investigated the slamming responses of flexible flat stiffened steel and aluminum plates using the nonlinear explicit finite element code LS-Dyna with the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MMALE) solver. Subsequently, a simplified finite element FSI model of water hitting structures that is realistically close to the slamming phenomenon occurring on the bottom part of offshore structures was proposed. The proposed FSI methodology presented in Part I was verified by comparison with the relevant test data. It was evident that the use of the proposed numerical method presented in Part I was very effective for a benchmarking investigation of slamming load considering the hydroelastic effect. However, the method required much effort in terms of computation time and power analysis resources. The present study, Part II, aimed, as an alternative to the FSI analysis approach, to develop empirical formulae for prediction of slamming loads acting on deformable flat stiffened plates used in marine applications. This paper begins by describing the limitations of the existing approaches based on theoretical, experimental and even numerical studies conducted in the past for estimation of slamming loads. Next, it presents, based on the simulation methodology developed in Part I, rigorous parametric studies that had been performed on actual scantlings of marine-seagoing structures. The effects of structural geometry and water impact velocity on slamming pressure are then investigated in detail. Subsequently, the parametric results are analyzed and utilized to derive empirical formulations for the prediction of slamming loads acting on flat stiffened plates of marine structures. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed formulations are established by comparison with the results of the test and other existing formulations. The proposed formulations are expected to be used for the purposes of the design without any time-consuming FSI analysis of advanced and optimal structures that are robust to slamming.     

宽幅扁平钢箱梁设置纵隔板的作用分析

以南京长江第二大桥南汊桥为例，分析了在宽幅扁平钢箱梁中设胃纵隔板的作用。     

玻璃钢顶盖在重卡驾驶室上的应用研究

文章对玻璃钢顶盖在重卡驾驶室上的国内外应用情况进行了分析,介绍了玻璃钢顶盖常见的两种结构形式,分析了玻璃钢顶盖的优劣势,为重卡企业在玻璃钢顶盖的选择上提供指导。