Energy-aware control for automated container terminals using integrated flow shop scheduling and optimal control

The performance of container terminals needs to be improved to handle the growth of transported containers and maintain port sustainability. This paper provides a methodology for improving the handling capacity of an automated container terminal in an energy-efficient way. The behavior of a container terminal is considered as consisting of a higher level and a lower level represented by discrete-event dynamics and continuous-time dynamics, respectively. These dynamics represent the behavior of a large number of terminal equipment. The dynamics need to be controlled. For controlling the higher level dynamics, a minimal makespan problem is solved. For this, the minimal time required by equipment for performing an operation at the lower level is needed. The minimal time for performing an operation at the lower level is obtained using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle. The actual operation time allowed by the higher level for processing an operation at the lower level is subsequently determined by a scheduling algorithm at the higher level. Given an actual operation time, the lower level dynamics are controlled using optimal control to achieve minimal energy consumption while respecting the time constraint. Simulation studies illustrate how energy-efficient management of equipment for the minimal makespan could be obtained using the proposed methodology.     

Effects of countdown timers on queue discharge characteristics of through movement at a signalized intersection

This study investigates how countdown timers installed at a signalized intersection affect the queue discharge characteristics of through movement during the green phase. Since the countdown timers display the time remaining (in seconds) until the onset of the green phase, drivers waiting in the queue at the intersection are aware of the upcoming phase change, and are likely to respond quicker. Thus, the countdown timers could reduce the start-up lost time, decrease the saturation headway, and increase the saturation flow rate. This study observed vehicle flow at an intersection in Bangkok for 24 h when the countdown timers were operating, and for another 24 h when the countdown timers were switched off. The signal plans and timings remained unchanged in both cases. Standard statistical t-tests were used to compare the difference in traffic characteristics between the “with timer” and “without timer” cases. It was found that the countdown timers had a significant impact on the start-up lost time, reducing it by 1.00–1.92 s per cycle, or a 17–32% time saving. However, the effects on saturation headway were found to be trivial, which implies that the countdown timers do not have much impact on the saturation flow rate of signalized intersections, especially during the off-peak day period and the late night period. The savings in the start-up lost time from the countdown timers was estimated to be equivalent to an 8–24 vehicles/h increase for each through movement lane at the intersection being studied.     

BINGHAM流体环空管流流动及传热规律研究

结合BINGHAM流体的本构方程、管流运动方程及能量方程 ,推导了BINGHAM流体环空管流速度分布及温度分布。由于BINGHAM流体具有屈服值 ,环空管流流动中会形成流核。流核的宽度与屈服应力成正比 ,与广义压力梯度呈反比。流核中心线偏离环空中心线 ,且偏向环空内侧。环空内外径之比越小 ,相对偏离越远。在其他条件不变的情况下 ,当屈服应力增大时 ,速度分布剖面变得愈扁平。当其他条件不变时 ,流核速度随环空内外径之比减小而增大。流核内温度变化比环空内外侧明显小 ,随屈服应力的增大 ,温度分布剖面愈扁平。     

某型汽油机进气道流动数值分析

为了得到某型汽油机进气道的流量系数和滚流比,验证模拟计算与试验测量的准确度,文章利用AVL-FIRE软件对某汽油机进气道的气流运动进行CFD分析,并将模拟计算值与试验测量值进行比较。通过模拟计算,得到了各模拟工况下的流量系数和滚流比。结果表明:该汽油机最大气门升程时进气道的流量系数在0.6左右。进气道内部形成了较明显的滚流。模拟计算可以较好地预测试验测量结果,可以用来指导进气道设计。     

桩一土一桥梁结构地震台试验数据处理方法

地震模拟振动台试验测点多,加载工况多,采集到的数据量大,且受噪声等因素干扰,测试数据与真实信号间有一定的差别。只有将测试数据经过科学的处理、修正和分析,去伪存真,才能得出正确的试验结果和结论。简要介绍桩一土一桥梁结构相互作用地震模拟振动台试验项目的概况,详细论述该试验数据的处理思路与方法,为以后相关试验研究提供参考。     

基于Simulink及ASAM标准的可变维数查表功能研究与实现

基于Simulink及ASAM标准,研究了可变维数查表功能的嵌入式实现与操作方法,并在INCA环境下,对可变维数查表功能进行了测试,测试结果表明,可变维数查表功能能够满足不同的MAP维数应用需求,可以使ECU控制系统软件具有更好的可扩展性、可维护性以及通用性。     

非自由液化场地地基动力性能大型振动台模型试验研究

基于1∶10模型大型振动台试验,研究非自由液化场地的地基动力性能。液化场地条件下,与自由场地基相比,非自由场地地基的自振频率明显加大、动力耗能作用提高较小。土层液化前且在小震输入下,地基动力变形的线性特征较突出,主要表现为对地震波的动力放大作用,加速度反应自下而上逐渐增大;土层完全液化后,地基加速度反应自下而上也逐渐增大,这是由于液化地基的层间剪切运动加快且加快的速率自下而上逐渐增大所致。地基孔压变化主要受两方面因素影响:一是随埋深减小,孔压减小,但孔压比增大;二是离桩距离越近,孔压和孔压比越大。土层液化前,输入波主要峰值过后,自下而上孔压消散逐渐减慢。较大震输入下,自下而上孔压有减小的趋势,但最大孔压比均很快达到液化孔压比;输入波主要峰值过后,孔压消散很缓慢,尤其是孔压消散随埋深减小越来越慢。试验中还出现瞬时负孔压的有趣现象,这也许是由于可液化土层发生瞬时膨胀作用所致。     

气压ABS系统流量特性的实验研究

开发了气压ABS电磁阀测试系统，建立了气室充、放气过程压力变化的微分方程，结合两者研究了气压ABS系统的流量特性，获得了某中型客车ABS系统在不同情况下的流量系数。讨论了ABS电磁阀的结构参数和动作频率对整个系统流量特性的影响，并得到了几种典型动作频率下的流量系数。建立的气室压力模型和所求得的流量系数为气压ABS控制逻辑的设计提供了依据。     

山区斜坡桩基地震响应的离心模型试验

为探讨地震对山区桥梁斜坡桩的影响,在土工离心机上进行坡顶平地桩、斜坡上单桩及1×2群桩的振动台试验。通过安装的加速度计、激光位移计及桩身应变片实测在不同加速度峰值的El Centro波作用下,斜坡场地各点的加速度时程、各桩截面的应变量及桩头位移值,由此分析斜坡场地各点的加速度放大系数及位移时程,各桩截面的弯矩及水平变位。然后,结合OpenSees进行数值模拟分析,探讨斜坡场地地震效应、桩与斜坡共同工作特性以及桩基残余变形发展特性等。研究结果表明：在各级地震荷载下,斜坡单桩与1×2群桩在地面处位移约为40 mm,桩顶累积变形量则分别达到90,50 mm,峰值弯矩达到1 120 kN·m;斜坡场地在坡顶位置最为不利,其加速度放大系数最高达到1.8左右,因此在低加速度峰值的输入波作用下,斜坡就会发生侧移,对桩基造成影响;在受地震影响的山区斜坡地段修建桥梁桩基,不能仅考虑边坡安全系数,而应计入地震作用下边坡永久位移对桩基的影响。     

哈尔滨地铁一号线的客流预测

本文根据轨道交通客流预测的实际特点,应用修正后的四阶段模型对哈尔滨市地铁一号线的客流进行了预测,并得出预测结果。通过分析,证明了四阶段预测方法的可行性及合理性。