论跨江越海建设隧道的技术优势与问题

为商榷在以往规划跨江越海工程时对修建隧道方案有些场合只是作为修建桥梁方案的一种备选方案的观念,文中论证了修建水下隧道在技术、方法、经济等方面的优势、特色及其存在的问题与不足,使业界可较为全面而客观地认识水下隧道在跨江越海工程中的地位。通过列举国内若干典型的已建、在建和正在进行方案研讨的水下隧道工程,从理论和实践经验出发提出了适合建桥、建隧以及桥隧结合方案有关的江床地形地貌、工程地质、水文地质和当地实际条件,对修建桥梁和修建水下隧道方案进行了比较,分析了二者的优缺点、适用场合和局限性;通过列举水下高速铁路、公路隧道的典型范例,总结了适合修建水下隧道的有利条件,并对水下隧道施工和运营过程中出现的诸多困难和问题进行了分析讨论。认为： 在规划跨江越海工程时,应综合当地的自然、生态、地质、水文、河工、港口、航道和航运等诸相关条件,通过多方案比较,更加客观地妥慎优选适合各具体工程的最佳方案;水下建隧的优缺点共存,水下隧道有其独特的技术、经济优越性,事实上现已被越来越多的跨江越海工程所采用。     

Numerical prediction of the surf-riding threshold of a ship in stern quartering waves in the light of bifurcation theory

In order to develop design and operational criteria to be used at the International Maritime Organization (IMO), critical conditions for broaching are explored in the light of bifurcation analysis. Since surf-riding, which is a prerequisite to broaching, can be regarded as a heteroclinic bifurcation, one of global bifurcations, of a surge-sway-yaw-roll model in quartering waves, the relevant bifurcation condition is formulated with a rigorous mathematical background. Then an efficient numerical solution procedure suitable for tracing the surf-riding threshold hypersurface is presented with successful examples. This deals with all state and control variables in parallel, and excludes backward time integration and an orthogonal condition in the iteration process. The bifurcation conditions identified were compared with the results from a direct numerical simulation in the time domain. As a result, it was confirmed that the heteroclinic bifurcation provides a boundary between motions periodically overtaken by waves and nonperiodic motions such as surf-riding and broaching.     

横浪作用下系泊船舶撞击能量的分析和研究

收集了国内5万~30万t系泊船舶在横浪作用下撞击能量物理模型试验的研究成果,采用理论结合模型试验的分析方法,研究码头系泊船舶在横浪作用下的撞击能量规律。通过分析系泊船舶横向撞击速度随波高、水深、装载度等要素的变化规律,并结合物理模型试验进行数据拟合,给出完整的系泊船舶撞击能量估算公式。     

Importance of several nonlinear factors on broaching prediction

In order to realize a more quantitative prediction of broaching and capsizing in following and quartering seas, existing mathematical modelling techniques should be upgraded. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically examine all factors relevant to capsizing in following and quartering seas. To this end, we first attempted to examine the prediction accuracy of wave-induced forces by comparing calculations with captive model experiments. As a result, we found that a wave-induced surge force has a certain nonlinearitiy with respect to wave steepness. The nonlinearity of sway–roll coupling with respect to sway velocity was also found, and our numerical result with these nonlinearities improves the prediction accuracy of the critical ship speed of capsizing in following and quartering seas. The importance of the wave effect on propeller thrust was also examined. We found that this effect is not negligibly small and could improve capsizing predictions in heavy following and quartering seas. Finally, we attempted to investigate the importance of nonlinear heel-induced hydrodynamic forces on numerical predictions of capsizing due to broaching. Here, we propose a new procedure for captive model experiments to obtain hydrodynamic forces with various heel angles up to 90°, and data on heel-induced hydrodynamic forces with respect to heel angle in calm water are provided. We then compare the numerical simulations with the nonlinear heel-induced hydrodynamic forces and without them. These time series comparisons show that the effect of nonlinear heel-induced hydrodynamic forces in calm water is not negligibly small for the case of ship capsizing due to broaching.