城市道路检查井结构破坏原因分析

通过对杭州市城市道路检查井及周边路面破坏情况进行调查,对沉陷量、破坏范围等进行测量,采用有限元分析在交通荷载作用下检查井应力变化规律。结果表明,在交通荷载作用过程中,在井盖砼垫层边缘会出现较大的拉应力,同时在井座砼垫层和砌体外边缘处路面面层内会出现反复剪切应力。循环交通荷载、垫层拉应力以及反复剪切应力是导致垫层破碎和路面开裂的主要原因。     

Long-term correlation structure of wave loads using simulation

This paper proposes a new method for combining the lifetime wave-induced sectional forces and moments that are acting on the ship structure. The method is based on load simulation and can be used to determine the exceedance probabilities of any linear and nonlinear long-term load combination. It can also be used to determine the long-term correlation structure between these loads in the form of the long-term correlation coefficients. They are essential part of the load combination procedures in design and strength evaluations as well as in the fatigue and reliability analysis of ship structures.The simulation method treats the non-stationary wave elevations during the ship’s entire life (long-term) as a sequence of different stationary Gaussian stochastic processes. It uses the rejection sampling technique for the sea state generation, depending on the ship’s current position and the season. Ship’s operational profile is then determined conditional on the current sea state and the ship’s position along its route. The sampling technique significantly reduces the number of sea state-operational profile combinations required for achieving the convergence of the long-term statistical properties of the loads. This technique can even be used in combination with the existing long-term methods in order to reduce the number of required weightings of the short-term CDFs. The simulation method does, however, rely on the assumption that the ship is a linear system, but no assumptions are needed regarding the short-term CDF of the load peaks.The load time series are simulated from the load spectra in each sea state, taking into account the effects of loading condition, heading, speed, seasonality, voluntary as well as involuntary speed reduction in severe sea states and the short-crested nature of the ocean waves. During the simulation procedure, special care has been given to maintaining the correct phase relation between all the loads. Therefore, time series of various load combinations, including the nonlinear ones, can be obtained and their correlation structure examined. The simulation time can be significantly reduced (to the order of minutes rather than hours and days) by introducing the seasonal variations of the ocean waves into a single voyage simulation. The estimate of the long-term correlation coefficient, obtained by simulating only a single voyage with the correct representation of seasonality, approaches the true correlation coefficient in probability. This method can be applied to any ship and any route, or multiple routes as long as the percentage of the ship’s total lifetime spent in each of them is known.A study has been conducted to investigate the effects of ship type, route and the longitudinal position of the loads on the values of the correlation coefficients between six different sectional loads; vertical, horizontal and twisting moments, as well as shear, horizontal and axial forces. Three ocean-going ship types have been considered; bulk carrier, containership and tanker, all navigating on one of the three busy ship routes; North America-Europe, Asia-North America and Asia-Europe. Finally, the correlation coefficient estimates have been calculated for five different positions along the ship’s length to investigate the longitudinal variation of the correlation coefficient.     

Numerical study of ice-induced loads on ship hulls

A numerical model is introduced in this paper to investigate both global and local ice loads on ship hulls. This model is partly based on empirical data, by which the observed phenomena of continuous icebreaking can be well reproduced. In the simulation of a full-scale icebreaking trial, the interdependence between the ice load and the ship’s motion is considered, and the three degree-of-freedom rigid body equations of surge, sway and yaw are solved by numerical integration. The variations in the level ice thickness and in the strength properties of ice can also be taken into account. The simulated ice loads on ship hulls are discussed through two case studies, in which the ship’s performance, the statistics of ice-induced frame loads, and the spatial distribution of ice loads around the hull are analyzed and compared with field measurements. As far as we know the present paper is the first to integrate all the features above. It is hoped that further studies on this numerical model can supplement the field and laboratory measurements in establishing a design basis for the ice-going ships especially for ships navigating in the first-year ice.     

起重船波浪载荷直接计算与规范计算比较研究

采用基于三维频域线性水动力理论的波浪载荷计算软件Wave Loads Calculation System对1 600 t全回转浮吊船进行了波浪载荷计算(主要指垂向弯矩与剪力),得到不同工况下载荷分布的特点.并将计算结果与中国船级社《钢质海船入级规范》中的规范计算结果进行了比较.研究表明:起重船由于其船型、质量分布和载荷工况不同于运输船,规范计算公式无法对其波浪载荷做出合理评估,而采用直接计算方法,能够根据装载状态,较为准确和详细地预报船体波浪载荷及其分布.     

海洋平台栈桥管道应力分析的模拟方法

栈桥是连接海上油气田两个或多个平台间油气水管线、电控线缆和人员通行的通道.平台间在风、波浪、船舶靠泊等荷载作用下会发生相对运动,通过栈桥的管道会承受平台间相对运动产生的位移荷载,管道应力水平是否满足规范要求在应力分析中需要重点考虑.应用CAESAR II软件,结合旅大27-2/32-2油田开发项目栈桥管道柔性计算实例,介绍了栈桥管道应力分析的模拟方法,并根据计算结果对管道布置提出建议和进行优化,为以后栈桥管道的设计提供计算方法和参考.     

浮体剖面载荷的几种计算方法

水中浮体的剖面载荷计算对于总体强度分析起着至关重要的作用。利用三维势流水动力软件预报浮体的运动及受力响应,以此结果为前提条件,采用三种不同的方法（压力积分法、多体法和广义模态法）。计算浮体的剖面载荷：最后以一个半潜平台结构为算例,并得到三种方法的相互验证。     

水动离心力及其应用

针对常规船艇在高速前进时转弯易失去稳定性,继而出现向心倾覆的危险,提出在船底浸湿面设置一对平行对称于船底纵向中心线的导流槽、且在船舷设置压浪阻溅流挡板,从而使船艇转弯时能激起足够强大的水动离心力、水动推进力、水动升力和相应的水动抗船体向心倾覆扶正力矩、水动助回转力矩。依据上述理论和实船、实航的试验结果,证实设置涌浪导流槽和挡板后形成的这些水动力和相应的水动力矩能使船艇在转弯时既保持机动灵活,又能高速稳定与安全。     

车辆扰动下高架道路声屏障风荷载的数值模拟

对车辆扰动下高架道路声屏障屏体表面风荷载进行了数值模拟分析,获得了车辆经过时作用于屏体表面的典型的风压荷载时程。通过参数分析给出了屏体不同位置风压荷载的差异及原因。通过对屏体表面极值风压荷载的深入分析得出：现行采用声屏障所在地区50年一遇基本风压作为其设计控制荷载是不合理和不安全的。     

Experimental investigations on hydrodynamic interactions between the cylinder and nets of a typical offshore aquacultural structure in steady current

A series of physical experiments were performed in steady current to investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between the cylinder and nets which constitute a main part of offshore aquacultural platforms. The hydrodynamic characteristics of only the cylinder, only nets and combined cylinder-net structures are measured and analyzed systematically under different current velocities, inflow angles and solidity ratios of nets. Based on experimental data, fitted formulas for hydrodynamic coefficients of a single resin net are proposed and compared to previously published empirical formulas. It is observed that the existence of the cylinder brings an increment up to 9.2% to drag coefficient of net panels whose solidity ratios are higher than 0.347, whereas this effect is negligible for nets with lower solidity ratios and perpendicular to the inflow. For nets inclined with 45°, the increment of the drag coefficient of net panels due to the existence of the cylinder is more significant (up to 22.9%) than that for perpendicularly placed nets. Furthermore, the existence of nets also leads to a noticeable increase in the drag coefficient of the cylinder, up to 40.18% for a relatively large net solidity ratio of 0.458, representative of biofouling condition. The increment increases with the rise of the solidity ratio of nets and it is larger for nets placed perpendicularly to the inflow than inclined. Effects of the cylinder and nets on lift coefficients of each other are a bit complicated, leading to an increase or reduction of lift coefficients depending on the inflow velocity, inflow angle and net solidity ratios. Finally, it is worth noting that the hydrodynamic interaction between the cylinder and nets deserves to be considered in current practice of hybrid methods by combining potential flow theory, Morison and screen models for aquacultural structures, especially for biofouling conditions.     

Experimental investigation into the effects of air pockets on wave-in-deck loads of offshore structures

In this paper, air entrapment during slamming is an investigation subjected to an experimental method of inquiry, analysed alongside a theoretical approach obtained from previous attempts to address similar matters. The experiment consisted of assembling three different sizes and depths of artificially created pockets underneath the 1:75 deck model of a 76 m × 76 m prototype to encourage air entrapment and study how this entrapped air affects local and global loads. A parametric study is ultimately conducted on the geometry of the pocket, altering area and depth to observe the response to the pressure. Air entrapment effects were observed to reduce the magnitudes of impact pressure inside the pocket while slightly altering the force time histories in x and z-directions. Force magnitudes for global forces are significantly close to the smooth deck results. However, horizontal force data are slightly higher than their corresponding smooth deck due to additional surfaces inside the pocket. In addition, a parametric study of the depth and size of the pocket reveals that pocket depth is the dominant parameter that affects the impact pressure inside a pocket.