Fueling for contingencies: The hidden cost of unpredictability in the air transportation system

The aviation community is increasing its attention on the concept of predictability when conducting aviation service quality assessments. Reduced fuel consumption and the related cost is one of the various benefits that could be achieved through improved flight predictability. A lack of predictability may cause airline dispatchers to load more fuel onto aircraft before they depart; the flights would then in turn consume extra fuel just to carry excess fuel loaded. In this study, we employ a large dataset with flight-level fuel loading and consumption information from a major US airline. With these data, we estimate the relationship between the amount of loaded fuel and flight predictability performance using a statistical model. The impact of loaded fuel is translated into fuel consumption and, ultimately, fuel cost and environmental impact for US domestic operations. We find that a one-minute increase in the standard deviation of airborne time leads to a 0.88 min increase in loaded contingency fuel and 1.66 min in loaded contingency and alternate fuel. If there were no unpredictability in the aviation system, captured in our model by eliminating standard deviation in flight time, the reduction in the loaded fuel would between 6.12 and 11.28 min per flight. Given a range of fuel prices, this ultimately would translate into cost savings for US domestic airlines on the order of $120–$452 million per year.     

长春商业中心交通环境影响分析评价研究

结合城市交通环境影响分析基本要求,从长春商业中心区位发展特性出发,分析商业中心交通环境影响评价的内容,提出商业中心交通环境影响评价的原则和步骤,最后归纳了长春市商业中心交通环境影响分析评价的方法。     

智能冲击压路机路基压实度自动检测方法

为了提高路基压实度检测的准确性,提出了路基压实度自动检测的瑞雷波法。采用落锤法敲击地表产生瑞雷波,分别通过检波器和地震仪采集和记录瑞雷波信号,应用-τp变换提取经过信息处理后的瑞雷波,获取频散曲线,利用瑞雷波反演横波速度的方法计算压实度,分析了压实度分布剖面图信息,对比了用瑞雷波法和灌砂法计算的路基压实度。计算结果表明:两条压实度曲线几乎重叠,最大绝对误差为-0.300%,相对误差为0.308%,说明用瑞雷波法检测路基压实度数据可靠,可以用于控制冲击碾压施工。     

(Unintended) Transport impacts of an energy-environment policy: The case of CNG conversion of vehicles in Dhaka

Motor vehicles are one of the major sources of air pollution in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The government took various policies to convert the petroleum vehicles on road to run on compressed natural gas (CNG), which allows both air quality improvements and energy security benefits. One of the market friendly policies to encourage the fuel switch was to increase the price differential between CNG and petrol and diesel. This has allowed a wide-scale adoption of CNG as the fuel of choice. However, several years into the policy, there is now a widespread belief among the policymakers that the CNG conversion may have increased car ownership and car travel due to their lower running costs, resulting in more congestion and a reversal of the strategy is on the cards. It is therefore important to test the hypothesis whether CNG conversion had genuinely increased car ownership and car travel in Dhaka city. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey and an econometric intervention analysis to understand the impact of CNG conversion on car ownership and car travel in Dhaka. Attention is also given to disentangle the self-selection and price-induced travel effects of CNG conversion. Results show that ownership did not increase, but travel of on-road vehicles increased due to the CNG policy. However, additional congestion costs are still around one half of the health benefits brought about by the policy.     

Analysis of Coastal Wetland Changes Using the “DPSIR” Model: A Case Study in Xiamen,China

Over the past several decades, human activities have had significant impacts on coastal wetlands worldwide. Here, using a model of “Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR)” and data collected from coastal wetlands in Xiamen, China, we have analyzed temporal changes in regional coastal wetland ecosystem structure and function from 1950 through 2005. The study period was divided into four parts for comparative analysis: pre-1980s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000 to present. Our results show that anthropogenic drivers of coastal wetland degradation in this region have increased substantially since 1950, and that this is correlated with a decline in coastal wetland function over the same period.     

冲击碾压技术在高速公路施工中的应用

在公路工程施工中，冲击碾压技术不仅能够使路基的强度和密实度得到提升，而且还可以使成本降低、沉降减小、施工效率提高。就高速公路施工中冲击碾压技术的原理和应用实例进行探讨，具有一定的理论和实际意义。     

基于多层环路形态的上海中环路交通功能分析

借鉴多层环路系统已有研究成果．归纳其形成机理。结合上海市路网在中环浦西段建成前后流量对比．分析中环对于内环和外环的影响。并进一步依据环路功能划分．阐述上海市中环路所承担的主要功能。     

液压冲击产生的原因及应用电磁溢流阀的解决方法

根据对液压系统所产生冲击的原因和机理的分析,提出了使用电磁溢流阀来减小液压系统冲击的方法,并对电磁溢流阀用于减小液压冲击的原理及电磁溢流阀的选择进行了论述。这些研究能为液压系统设计提供一种理论参考。     

汽车侧面碰撞中内板参数与乘员伤害值的相关性分析

基于多刚体理论建立了某国产中级轿车的侧面碰撞乘员约束系统动态仿真模型，并依据试验结果进行了模型有效性验证。应用统计学中相关系数的概念，通过仿真计算分析了该车侧面碰撞中汽车车门内板刚度等参数与乘员伤害值的相关性，获得了车体参数对假人综合伤害值的影响程度，使该车在侧面保护系统设计过程中能够更有针对性地优化相关参数，以提高分析效率。     

耐碱玻璃纤维混凝土的抗弯冲击性能研究

耐碱玻璃纤维在混凝土中分散性良好,显著改善了混凝土的抗弯冲击性能。由梁弯曲冲击试验发现:当玻璃纤维掺量为1.6~2.7 kg/m3时,纤维掺量2.7 kg/m3(G 3)的初裂冲击次数比掺量2.0 kg/m3(G 2)和1.6 kg/m3(G 1)时分别提高1.97倍和2.81倍,比素混凝土提高10.97倍;G 2的初裂冲击次数比G 1提高28%,比素混凝土提高3.03倍。G 3的破坏冲击次数比G 2提高1.95倍,比G 1提高2.78倍,比素混凝土提高11.01倍;G 2的破坏冲击次数比G 1提高28%,比素混凝土提高3.08倍;G 1的破坏冲击次数比素混凝土提高2.18倍。纤维质量掺量由2.0 kg/m3提高到2.7 kg/m3时,对改善混凝土抗弯冲击性能效果十分显著。玻璃纤维显著改善了混凝土的抗弯冲击性能,可以用于机场道面、桥面等工程。