Modelling nutrient fluxes from sub-arctic basins: Comparison of pristine vs. dammed rivers

The deterministic Riverstrahler model of river functioning is applied for the first time to sub-arctic catchments. Seasonal nutrient (N, P, Si) deliveries to the coastal zone are simulated, and nutrient annual fluxes are established for the nearly pristine river Kalix (hereafter called Kalixälven) and the heavily dammed river Lule, (hereafter called Luleälven) both located in Northern Sweden and draining into the Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea.For Kalixälven simulations are performed with a runoff calculated from precipitation, evapo-transpiration and temperature data for the period 1990–1999, using a hydrological model calibrated on observed monthly discharges at the river outlet. The same hydrological parameters are used to calculate specific runoff for the Luleälven basin in absence of dam regulation. Reservoir filling and emptying are simulated using a simplified representation of their management rules. Diffuse sources of nutrient are evaluated according to land cover of the catchment. The simulated seasonal trends are within the range of the observed data, in particular for discharge, dissolved silica, total phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen and total organic carbon. Specific runoff is 50% higher in the Luleälven than in the Kalixälven watershed due to higher altitudes and precipitations. Average silica, nitrate and phosphorus concentrations are much lower in Luleälven than in Kalixälven. Comparison of model results for the Luleälven with and without dams shows a reduction of respectively 25% and 30% in silica and phosphorus fluxes delivered at the outlet, while nitrogen delivery is increased by 10% in the dammed vs. undammed river system. The model allows assessing the respective role of reservoir trapping of nutrient in the reservoir through algal uptake and sedimentation, and of changes in the vegetation induced by flooding the valley formerly covered by forests and wetlands.     

Robust cascade control for the horizontal motion of a vehicle with single-wheel actuators

The article presents a cascade control for the horizontal motion of a vehicle with single-wheel actuators. The outer control loop for the longitudinal and lateral accelerations and the yaw rate ensures a desired vehicle motion. By a combination of state feedback control and observer-based disturbance feedforward the inner control loop robustly stabilises the rotating and steering motions of the wheels in spite of unknown frictions between tyres and ground. Since the three degrees of freedom of the horizontal motion are affected by eight tyre forces, the vehicle considered is an over-actuated system. Thus additional control objectives can be realised besides the desired motion trajectory as, for example, a maximum in driving safety. The corresponding analytical tyre force allocation also guarantees real-time capability because of its relatively low computational effort. Provided suitable fault detection and isolation are available, the proposed cascade control has the potential of fault-tolerance, because the force allocation is adaptable. Another benefit results from the modular control structure, because it allows a stepwise implementation. Besides, it only requires a small number of measurements for control purposes. These measurements are the rotational speeds and steering angles of the wheels, the longitudinal and lateral acceleration and the yaw rate of the vehicle.     

基于广域网的视频监控系统的实现

本文介绍了一种以广域网为基础的视频监控系统的模型及实现方法。系统有中心服务器端和用户浏览器端组成。系统采用DSP硬件平台及广域网接口,实现其硬件构架。视频压缩算法采用MPEG4编解码算法。浏览器端调用ATL技术创建的COM组件,用户可以访问到监控设备。该系统为一些多个分散监控场所的集中式管理提供了一种可行的方法。     

基于P4P架构的舰船闭路电视系统的研究与实现

随着大型舰船点播用户数量的增加,高清2k、高清4k、蓝光等高质量的视频点播节目的相继推出,视频点播业务所占用的存储空间和网络带宽需求越来越大。而在舰船特殊的应用环境中,网络传输带宽有限,网络环境复杂,目前常规网络架构的闭路电视不能满足日益增长的视讯业务发展的需求,点播用户数受限。基于此,文章介绍了舰船闭路电视系统的发展,阐述了一种基于P4P(Proactive network Provider Participation for P2P)架构的舰船闭路电视系统,对系统实现相关的几个关键技术进行了分析,对系统工作原理、系统架构和网络拓扑等功能设计进行了说明。     

波浪中过度加速度的非线性时域预报

国际海事组织(IMO)船舶设计建造分委会(SDC)第4次会议把过度加速度稳性直接评估的制定提上议程。然而,如何准确预报和评估波浪中的过度加速度依然是一个亟待解决的问题。文章针对此挑战,采用三维时域混合源法进行了波浪中过度加速度的直接预报和评估。首先,采用三维时域混合源法,建立了波浪中船舶大幅横摇运动和船体任意位置处横向加速度的非线性时域预报方法;其次,以4000TEU集装箱船为研究对象,开展规则波和不规则波中的大幅运动模型试验,对计算方法进行验证;然后,对比分析了3DOF(垂荡—纵摇—横摇)和4DOF(横荡—垂荡—纵摇—横摇)耦合数学模型的计算精度;最后,分析了船体横向加速度的影响因素。研究表明,考虑横荡影响的4DOF数学模型计算精度较高;数值计算结果和模型试验结果吻合良好,证明文中建立的非线性时域方法可有效预报波浪中的过度加速度,可用于IMO过度加速度衡准的制定,也可为船舶设计提供评估手段。此外,文中还研究了IMO薄弱性衡准草案中中国和德国联合提出的加速度简化计算方法的适用性,证明该简化计算方法具有一定的保守性,符合衡准的要求,可用于过度加速度薄弱性衡准计算。     

基于正交法的磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒制备工艺选择

采用化学共沉淀法以FeCl3·6H2O,FeCl2·4H2O为原料,氨水为沉淀剂,进行了9组正交试验,探索制备Fe3O4纳米颗粒磁性能的影响因素,利用振动样品磁强计（VSM）和透射电镜（TEM）对磁粉进行表征,利用正交表极差分析找出了最佳制备工艺条件：即A2B1C3D2,去离子水用量为200 mL（Fe3＋为0.1 mol/L）;表面活性剂用量为1 mL;氨水30 mL;[Fe3＋]/[Fe2＋]=1.75时Fe3O4颗粒饱和磁化强度为62.70 emu/g.     

4R理论在我国高速公路人力资源管理体制上的应用

目前我国高速公路人力资源管理体制存在着很多不足之处,严重阻碍了我国高速公路事业的发展,借助经济学领域中4R危机管理理论,对我国高速公路人力资源管理体制进行了初步分析,并提出了改进措施。     

对舰载信息系统数据融合攻击分析

针对对舰载信息系统的攻击，分析了系统的易损性，提出对数据融合系统的攻击类型，给出了攻击矩阵，并对攻击效果作了简单定性分析。     

军队信息化建设关键技术及发展趋势

分析了现代军队发展的三个特点，重点论述了分布协同作战技术，人性化系统技术，军用智能系统，军用决策支持系统，军用软件工程，信息战技术等军队信息化建设关键技术及发展趋势。     

CKD4C型电传动内燃机车

CKD4c型电传动内燃机车用于委内瑞拉国家铁路自治局货物运输业务。介绍了该型机车的主要技术特点．总体布置、技术参数等。CKD4c型机车性能满足用户的要求，综合体现了“先进、成熟、经济、适用、可靠”的技术原则。