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由于需求的不确定性,托运人的承诺时间会对运输服务供应链的决策产生影响. 因此,本文考虑在延迟承诺和提前承诺两种承诺时间下,基于运价分别为外部定价和承运人定价两种情况,建立了运输服务供应链中承运人的运输价格和托运人的托运量优化决策模型,并分别对延迟承诺和提前承诺、整体决策和单独决策时的优化结果进行比较分析,从而为运输服务供应链决策提供有效的参考价值. 通过研究得出,整体决策时运输服务供应链的收益总是大于单独决策时的收益;承运人的运价也对托运人的承诺时间产生影响,在不同的运价下,提早承诺和延迟承诺的优越性不同.     

不同市场机制下多种交通方式定价模型研究

停车费和公交票价是平衡交通方式分担的有效交通需求管理措施. 在分析私家车和公交车两种交通方式并存的路网中出行者的旅行选择均衡行为的基础上,建立了路段及停车设施能力约束下等价的网络均衡模型. 然后,给出了不同市场经营机制下多种交通方式的定价模型,其中市场机制包括垄断、寡头竞争和社会最优. 模型考虑了停车费和公交票价定价策略对出行者交通方式和路径选择行为的影响以及出行需求弹性. 最后,给出一算例说明文中所提出模型的应用,并解释了不同市场机制下解的经济含义.     

具有随机利率和波动率的复合期权定价

在复合期权的定价研究中,Geske(1979)公式的不足之处在于其假设利率和波动率均为常数.Geman-El Karoui-Rochet(1995)、Hull(1998,2000)等人也是假设波动率或利率之一为常数.本文对Geske公式加以推广,得出了利率和波动率都随机波动时的复合期权定价公式,具有更强的实践意义.     

居民出行时间选择及拥挤收费政策

应用基于活动的出行需求预测方法, 分析了居民出行的时间分布规律与影响居民出行时间选择的因素, 分别建立了出发和到达时间选择模型, 用长春市居民出行调查数据对模型进行了标定和验证。用已建模型对比评价了两种拥挤收费政策, 证明了调整高峰时段小汽车出行费用策略不仅可以使居民的高峰时段出行减少大约18%, 而且可以抑制小汽车出行, 调整城市交通方式分配结构, 说明已建模型可以全面有效地进行交通需求管理政策的评价。     

谈航标建设工程的安全管理

文中主要介绍了航标基础设施建设的特点,分析了航标建设过程中经常出现的安全事故类型及原因,提出了安全管理的防范措施。     

Impacts of increased rail infrastructure charges in Sweden

The impacts of the already decided increase in rail infrastructure charges in Sweden are described for various market segments within the rail transport system and on the aggregate level for society as a whole. The need for complementary measures in the road transport system is also discussed. Likewise, the paper also mentions the impact of increased rail infrastructure charges on certain significant industrial sectors. An increase in rail charges may reduce social welfare even though the reduction in rail transport mileage is small. This is mainly due to large non-internalised absolute externalities for road freight. For commuter trains, the infrastructure charges' share of the costs of rail transport is expected to rise to 13 percent, which in an international perspective still will be small.     

Transport pricing and Public-Private Partnerships in theory: Issues and Suggestions

This chapter offers a theoretical examination of the following questions: what are the issues that arise when Social Marginal Cost Pricing is to be incorporated in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs); and how may these issues be dealt with?We first briefly discuss Public-Private Partnerships in transport: what are the defining characteristics and what are the main types that exist in the different modes of transport? Next we consider the economics of Public-Private Partnerships, in particular from the viewpoint of incentives. Subsequently we identify and examine the issues that arise when Social Marginal Cost Pricing is to be incorporated in PPPs as a regulation with regard to pricing in the transport sector. Lastly, we investigate the possibilities of resolving these issues.     

建立符合社会主义市场经济的建设工程计价模式的探讨

为适应社会主义市场经济的需要 ,对建设工程计价模式提出若干改进意见     

Quantifying the benefit of responsive pricing and travel information in the stochastic congestion pricing problem

This paper is concerned with roadway pricing amidst the uncertainty which characterizes long-term transportation planning. Uncertainty is considered both on the supply-side (e.g., the effect of incidents on habitual route choice behavior) and on the demand-side (e.g., due to prediction errors in demand forecasting). The framework developed in this paper also allows the benefits of real-time travel information to be compared directly against the benefits of responsive pricing, allowing planning agencies to identify the value of these policy options or contract terms in publicly-operated toll roads. Specifically, six scenarios reflect different combinations of policy options, and correspond to different solution methods for optimal tolls. Demonstrations are provided on both the Sioux falls and Anaheim networks. Results indicate that providing information to drivers implemented alongside responsive tolling may reduce expected total system travel time by over 9%, though more than 8% of the improvement is due to providing information, with the remaining 1% improvement gained from responsive tolling.     

Anticipating new-highway impacts: Opportunities for welfare analysis and credit-based congestion pricing

Pricing of roadways opens doors for infrastructure financing, and congestion pricing seeks to address inefficiencies in roadway operations. This paper emphasizes the revenue-generation opportunities and welfare impacts of flat-tolling schemes, standard congestion pricing, and credit-based congestion pricing policies. While most roadway investment decisions focus on travel time savings for existing trips, this work turns to logsum differences (which quantify changes in consumer surplus) for nested logit specifications across two traveler types, two destinations, three modes and three times of day, in order to arrive at welfare- and revenue-maximizing solutions. This behavioral specification is quite flexible, and facilitates benefit-cost calculations (as well as equity analysis), as demonstrated in this paper.The various cases examined suggest significant opportunities for financing new roadway investment while addressing congestion and equity issues, with net gains for both traveler types. Application results illustrate how, even after roadway construction and maintenance costs are covered, receipts may remain to distribute to eligible travelers so that typical travelers can be made better off than if a new, non-tolled road had been constructed. Moreover, tolling both routes (new and old) results in substantially shorter payback periods (5 versus 20 years) and higher welfare outcomes (in the case of welfare-maximizing tolls with credit distributions to all travelers). The tools and techniques highlighted here illustrate practical methods for identifying welfare-enhancing and cost-recovering investment opportunities, while recognizing multiple user classes and appropriate demand elasticity across times of day, destinations, modes and routes.