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在可变需求网络中考虑交通流分配的非均衡演化过程，建立一个时变拥挤收费和道路通行能力的联合最优控制理论模型，旨在使系统的全期总收益最大。利用极大值原理分析了模型的最优性条件，并设计了结合梯度算法的近似迭代算法。数值计算结果满意地解释和支持了提出的模型和算法。     

New Method for American Options Pricing

Introduction Americanoptionpricinghaspresentedseveral challengestothefinancialengineeringcommunity.EveninthesimpleBlack Scholesframework[1],a closed formexpressionforthepriceofanAmericanput optionisnotavailableandsomustbecomputednumer ically.However,theco…     

渐耗资产及其定价模型

针对部分资产的价值逐渐消逝这一属性，提出了渐耗资产的概念．根据提供的产品数量与消费者需求的关系，将渐耗资产分为2类——第1类绝大多数时候满足需求，第2类供需不匹配，呈季节性或周期性变化．建立了第1类渐耗资产的数学表达式，提出一种新的定价方式——渐耗资产定价模型．与其他定价方式实施效果进行比较的结果表明，该方法能够减少渐耗资产价值流逝，提高企业收益，增加消费者剩余，改善社会整体福利．     

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鉴于目前我国许多城市中心区制定的路边停车收费费率不尽合理,路边停车泊位周转率低,路边乱停车现象十分严重的实际情况,结合对城市中心区交通运行状况和路边停车实况调查及问卷调查数据的统计分析,在确定城市路边停车收费目的的基础上,考虑停车者对路边停车收费的容忍度函数,建立了以调节道路交通量、调节停车位供求关系及规范停车行为为目的的城市中心区路边停车收费定价模型,设计了用于求解模型的遗传算法,并以苏州市观前地区和无锡市商业区路边停车收费实况为例进行模拟分析,其模拟结果与实际情况相吻合,说明本模型能够有效地计算我国城市中心区路边停车收费的最佳费率。     

Joint Optimization Model of Road-use Pricing and Capacity Using the Optimal Control Theory

This paper presents a joint optimization model of congested road-use pricing and capacity using the optimal control theory in disequilibrium traffic networks with elastic demand. The model aims at maximizing the total network benefit from travel within the study horizon. Referring to the discrete version of the model, the first-order optimality conditions are derived using the maximum principle and are employed to design an iterative solution method for the model. Numerical results obtained from an example network are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and the solution method.     

社会偏好视野下旅游出行服务链定价博弈模型

为综合分析社会偏好理论视野下的服务链定价策略博弈问题，本文构建了服务提供商和出行即服务(Mobility as a Service, MaaS)平台组成的旅游出行服务链联盟。基于社会偏好理论建立不平等厌恶决策模式、利他决策模式和社会福利综合决策模式下的Stackelberg博弈模型，与分散决策和合作决策两种服务链基本决策模式下的博弈结果进行比较。探究MaaS环境下考虑决策者社会偏好特征的旅游出行服务产品的定价策略及服务链收益，并通过数值分析验证了模型的有效性。结果表明，决策权的分散导致旅游出行服务产品的销售价格和服务链整体最优收益降低。不平等厌恶决策模式下，产品的最优销售价格不受影响，服务链整体利润不变；利他决策模式下，服务链整体最优收益不断上升；社会福利综合决策模式下，各最优决策变量受服务提供商利他偏好的影响更大。关注服务链决策者的不平等厌恶偏好并实施利他行为，可以提高旅游出行服务产品的需求和总体收益，有利于旅游出行服务链的协调运营状态，实现交旅融合发展。     

基于偏好序的高铁票价与售票时间窗联合优化

采用形式灵活且适用性好的偏好序模型刻画旅客购票选择行为，拓展现有高速铁路动态定价与售票控制策略联合优化的研究方法。按照票价变动范围划分客票等级，结合偏好序模型的特点，通过决策各等级客票售票时间窗进行售票控制，同时，在一定范围内优化各客票等级的票价，实现票价与售票控制的联合决策。本文在分析弹性客流的基础上，采用偏好序选择概率、 到达率和时间窗长度测算客票销售量。根据运营需要设定客票产品排序，以各客票产品停售时间和票价作为决策变量，建立以期望总收益最大为目标的非线性规划模型，并且将粒子群算法与线性规划精确求解嵌套求解模型。以京沪高铁为背景进行数值实验，结果表明：与固定各等级票价只优化售票时间窗的方案相比，联合优化方案可提升期望总收益约4.54%；不同需求水平下，联合优化方案的期望总收益均高于固定票价方案；期望总收益随着转移购买概率增加而增加，且不同转移概率取值下联合优化方案的期望总收益均高于固定票价方案。所提方案可为高铁列车动态定价和制定售票控制策略提供决策支持。     

基于出行方式决策过程的价格调控策略辅助措施研究

从提高个体在价格调控策略下的绿色出行意向入手，制定价格调控策略的辅助措施是提升价格调控策略有效性的重要手段.本文基于出行决策行为变化自调节阶段模型，构建了价格调控策略下的居民出行方式决策过程概念模型.利用拥堵收费和奖励策略下的出行方式决策心理调查数据，基于结构方程模型，对比分析了拥堵收费和奖励策略下不同机动化出行习惯强度个体通勤与非通勤出行方式决策心理的差异化特征.最后，针对出行方式决策过程中动机形成阶段，计划行为阶段，以及实施计划阶段的心理特征，分别提出了价格调控策略的辅助措施，为价格调控策略实施提供了更好的辅助决策支持.     

Dynamic operations and pricing of electric unmanned aerial vehicle systems and power networks

The emergence of electric unmanned aerial vehicle (E-UAV) technologies, albeit somewhat futuristic, is anticipated to pose similar challenges to the system operation as those of electric vehicles (EVs). Notably, the charging of EVs en-route at charging stations has been recognized as a significant type of flexible load for power systems, which often imposes non-negligible impacts on the power system operator’s decisions on electricity prices. Meanwhile, the charging cost based on charging time and price is part of the trip cost for the users, which can affect the spatio-temporal assignment of E-UAV traffic to charging stations. This paper aims at investigating joint operations of coupled power and electric aviation transportation systems that are associated with en-route charging of E-UAVs in a centrally controlled and yet dynamic setting, i.e., with time-varying travel demand and power system base load. Dynamic E-UAV charging assignment is used as a tool to smooth the power system load. A joint pricing scheme is proposed and a cost minimization problem is formulated to achieve system optimality for such coupled systems. Numerical experiments are performed to test the proposed pricing scheme and demonstrate the benefits of the framework for joint operations.     

Why experience changes attitudes to congestion pricing: The case of Gothenburg

Many cities have seen public support for congestion charges increase substantially after charges have been introduced. Several alternative explanations of this phenomenon have been suggested, but so far little evidence has been available to assess the relative importance of these explanations. We study attitudes to congestion pricing in Gothenburg before and after congestion charges were introduced in January 2013. Attitudes to the charges did indeed become more positive after the introduction, just as in previous cities. Using a two-wave postal survey, we separate contributions to the attitude change from a number of sources: benefits and costs being different than anticipated, use of hypothecated revenues, reframing processes, and changes in related attitudes such as attitudes to environment, equity, taxation and pricing measures in general. We conclude that the dominant reason for the attitude change is status quo bias, rather than any substantial changes in beliefs or related attitudes, although some of these factors also contribute. Contrary to a common belief, nothing of the attitude change is due to benefits being larger than anticipated.