Land Transport Policy and Public Transport in Singapore

Singapore has a sophisticated and efficient system of land transport to serve a growing demand for transportation. Constrained by limited space, a comprehensive set of land transport policies has been in place to balance the growth in transport demand and the effectiveness and efficiency of the land transport system. A multi-pronged approach has been used to achieve the objective of a world-class transportation system. These include integration of urban and transport planning, expansion of the road network and improvement of the transport infrastructure, harnessing the latest technology in network and traffic management, managing vehicle ownership and usage, and improvement and regulations of public transport (Ministry of Transport (MOT) (2003) Policy and Regulations, Land Transport, Available: www.mot.gov.sg, Date of Access: 15 September 2003). Singapore was the first country in the world to introduce various new techniques, notably the Area License Scheme (ALS) in 1975 and the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) in 1990. An Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system replaced the ALS in 1998 to take the role of congestion management, the experience of which has also drawn particular attention from many large cities in the world. In 2003, the world’s first and only fully automatic heavy rail Mass Rapid Transit system was opened to the public, marking a new chapter in Singapore’s innovative approach to solving its land transport problem. This paper reviews the land transport policy implemented in Singapore and pays special emphasis to its public transportation systems.     

轨道交通动态票价对城市交通的影响

提出了以交通需求管理中经济杠杆的策略的概念和动态价格经济杠杆策略,实施轨道交通动态票价调节对城市交通影响的研究思路和技术路线.动态票价实施后,利用随机分配理论考察城市路网交通流的重分布变化.在此基础上通过敏感性和博弈分析方法,提出了轨道交通票价均街轨道网、公交网和道路网交通流的思路.轨道交通动态票价体系丰富了城市交通需求管理措施的手段和方法,对制定轨道交通票价有一定的辅助参考作用.     

城市轨道交通线网的收费策略

为了最大程度发挥城市轨道交通的社会效益和提高运营企业的经济效益,需要对城市轨道交通收费策略进行科学的研究与分析.阐释了收费策略的两个重要方面:收费原则和收费方法.在把城市轨道交通分为三个发展阶段的基础上,探讨了各个阶段的收费原则,并详细研究了由票制、票种、票价、优惠手段等方面组成的收费方法,建立起城市轨道交通线网收费策略理论体系.初步总结了城市轨道交通收费策略对城市交通出行的影响.良好的收费策略不仅需要考虑如何能减少政府财政负担、增加运营企业收益、缓解城市交通压力,还应适当考虑出行者的经济承受能力.     

工程量清单计价模式下企业成本控制方法

根据市场行情和自身实力,编制自己企业的定额进行投标报价,如何综合运用各种方法来增强企业在投标报价中的竞争力,一直是我国施工企业在工程量清单计价模式下所面临的急需解决的重要课题。通过分析工程量清单计价模式下成本控制的要素和施工企业成本管理现状,提出了如何加强施工企业成本控制的方法。     

On the relationship between airport pricing models

Airport pricing papers can be divided into two approaches. In the traditional approach the demand for airport services depends on airport charges and on congestion costs of both passengers and airlines; the airline market is not formally modeled. In the vertical-structure approach instead, airports provide an input for an airline oligopoly and it is the equilibrium of this downstream market which determines the airports’ demand. We prove, analytically, that the traditional approach to airport pricing is valid if air carriers have no market power, i.e. airlines are atomistic or they behave as price takers (perfect competition) and have constant marginal operational costs. When carriers have market power, this approach may result in a surplus measure that falls short of giving a true measure of social surplus. Furthermore, its use prescribes a traffic level that is, for given capacity, smaller than the socially optimal level. When carriers have market power and consequently both airports and airlines behave strategically, a vertical-structure approach appears a more reasonable approach to airport pricing issues.     

基于Logit模型的动态道路收费最优控制模型

在Logit动态的基础上建立了收费和通行能力的联合控制模型,通过控制时变的道路收费水平和通行能力,优化交通流的演化轨迹,使交通系统达到最优。通过简单的算例,在Logit动态的基础上对道路中的交通流进行分析和预测,进而对车辆进行诱导,从而达到交通管理的目的。     

Labour market effects in assessing the costs and benefits of road pricing

Traffic congestion and the policies used to combat it have been studied extensively. One area which has received less attention is the secondary impacts of such policies. This paper uses a micro-simulation framework to study the effect on labour markets of road pricing. The key benefit of our chosen methodology is that it allows a simultaneous consideration of both commuting and migration decisions. We show that while welfare gains can be achieved through optimal charging, this may come at the price of decreased integration. This may manifest through either greater centralisation tendencies in population, or through unemployment disparities between regions.     

基于Epsilon 约束法的高速铁路客票多目标定价研究

高铁客票定价是多目标定价问题,既要保障旅客福利,又要增加企业合理利润. 以企业利润和旅客福利作为高铁定价目标,考虑旅客差异和不同运距情境下的多种运输方式竞争,研究高铁客票多目标定价. 结合Epsilon约束法构建双层规划模型,根据分层序列思想分解多目标问题,设计松弛算法得到纳什均衡解,由解对应的目标值得到帕累托边界,确定多目标定价最优决策. 计算结果表明,对比量价波动和目标值改进,多目标定价适合票价改革要求,时间敏感型客票和短途客票有较高涨价空间,多种运输方式竞争影响定价实施效果. 将 Epsilon 约束法应用于求解高铁客票定价多目标问题,有利于优化客运企业与旅客利益,为铁路部门提供高铁客票定价思路.     

基于破产模型的出租车合乘定价方法

作为一种缓解打车难及减少空气污染的方法,出租车合乘越来越普遍.为了更合理地为出租车合乘定价,依据出租车的载客数量,在将出租车的一次载客过程分为若干阶段的基础上,为其中的合乘阶段建立了破产模型.通过深入分析这一情境所对应破产模型解应满足的特点,利用Talmud法则来求解该模型,由此提出了一种出租车合乘定价方法.算例分析表明,由该方法确定的合乘费用具有随着合乘人数和距离增加而增加,但增幅减缓的特点,从而提高了出租车司机和乘客参与多人合乘和长途合乘的积极性.研究结果可为相关部门制定出租车合乘政策提供决策参考.     

Risk pricing inefficiency in public–private partnerships*

There is a drive towards delivering and operating public infrastructure through public–private partnership (PPP) rather than traditional public procurement. The assessment of the value for money achieved by the two alternative approaches rests in the cost of financing and their efficiency in delivery and operation. This paper focuses on the cost of financing, in particular the cost associated with transferring risk from the public to private sphere. If capital markets were efficient and complete, the cost of public (government) and private financing should be the same, with the relative delivery and operational efficiency remaining as the primary determinant of value-for-money. Evidence suggests, however, that the risk transfer to a PPP entails an inefficient risk pricing premium which goes beyond the direct cost of financing. We argue that a high price for PPPs results from large risk transfers, risk treatment within the private sector, and uncertainty around the past and future performance of public–private consortia. The corollary is that the efficiency gains from a PPP must be much higher than commonly expected to deliver a greater value for the money than under a traditional approach.