不同市场经营机制下停车设施定价模型

基于网络均衡理论,在分析出行者交通方式、出行路径和停车设施选择均衡的基础上,建立了不同市场经营机制(包括垄断、寡头竞争和社会最优3种类型)下市区内的路外停车设施和市区边缘的停车换乘设施的定价模型;并对所提出模型进行了实际应用,同时比较了不同市场均衡解的效果。结果表明:垄断经营机制会导致最高的停车收费价格、最低的停车需求和社会福利及最高的总系统利润;社会最优与其相反,而寡头竞争介于二者之间。     

巴黎地铁运营及票务制度启示

通过考察巴黎的地铁系统构成,包括线网结构、设计和运营管理技术,分析巴黎地铁的运营组织,并针对巴黎地铁票务结构进行重点分析,最后归纳总结巴黎地铁的成功经验对国内地铁的启示。     

工程量清单计价模式下企业成本控制方法

根据市场行情和自身实力,编制自己企业的定额进行投标报价,如何综合运用各种方法来增强企业在投标报价中的竞争力,一直是我国施工企业在工程量清单计价模式下所面临的急需解决的重要课题。通过分析工程量清单计价模式下成本控制的要素和施工企业成本管理现状,提出了如何加强施工企业成本控制的方法。     

Labour market effects in assessing the costs and benefits of road pricing

Traffic congestion and the policies used to combat it have been studied extensively. One area which has received less attention is the secondary impacts of such policies. This paper uses a micro-simulation framework to study the effect on labour markets of road pricing. The key benefit of our chosen methodology is that it allows a simultaneous consideration of both commuting and migration decisions. We show that while welfare gains can be achieved through optimal charging, this may come at the price of decreased integration. This may manifest through either greater centralisation tendencies in population, or through unemployment disparities between regions.     

双目标路径诱导下的交通信息定价策略

为了提高交通信息定价精度, 在假定出行者权衡出行时间和出行费用双目标路径诱导的基础上, 建立混合均衡定价模型, 通过实例对模型进行了标定和验证, 对比评价了单目标和双目标路径诱导下的交通信息定价策略, 并给出双目标路径诱导下的交通信息定价结果。研究结果表明, 与双目标路径诱导相比, 单目标路径诱导改变了交通信息定价的可行区域, 当具有信息的出行者、交通信息提供者、交通管理者三方各自的利益为决策主体时, 交通信息的最终价格分别为1.3、2.6和1.8元, 说明了混合均衡定价模型是有效的。     

Transport infrastructure and long-run economic growth in OECD countries

This paper provides an empirical evaluation of the growth impact of public infrastructure in a panel of 18 OECD countries during 1870–2009. This study goes beyond the traditional analysis of growth accounting models by exploring the indirect effect of stock of core infrastructure on output growth through its impact on productivity. Constructing a long-run historical dataset on infrastructural capital formation spanning from 1870, estimated results show that growth in both labour productivity and total factor productivity are positively, but not substantially, influenced by growth in the stock of infrastructure. Furthermore, applying the system GMM technique (Generalised Method of Moments) revels that although rate of returns to investment in infrastructure exceed the private rate in OECD countries, it is not as high as positive externalities associated with investment in equipment and structure investment.     

Air pollution dynamics and the need for temporally differentiated road pricing

In this paper we investigate the effects of the temporal variation of pollution dispersion, traffic flows and vehicular emissions on pollution concentration and illustrate the need for temporally differentiated road pricing through an application to the case of the congestion charge in Stockholm, Sweden. By accounting explicitly for the role of pollution dispersion on optimal road pricing, we allow for a more comprehensive view of the economy–ecology interactions at stake, showing that price differentiation is an optimal response to the physical environment. Most congestion charges in place incorporate price bands to mitigate congestion. Our analysis indicates that, to ensure compliance with air quality standards, such price variations should also be a response to limited pollution dispersion.     

Is car drivers’ response to congestion charging schemes based on the correct perception of price signals?

This paper deals with the question of whether the capability of car drivers to estimate the cost of a new hypothetical, highly differentiated congestion charge influences their decision to change travel behaviour. The analysis makes use of an integrated choice and latent variable model (ICLV) which merges classic choice models with the structural equation approach (SEM) for latent variables. This hybrid model improves the explanatory power considerably compared with a conventional discrete choice model. The results suggest that charge complexity decreases the resistance in considering behavioural changes. Car drivers tend to avoid a travel option where the price is not known beforehand, a phenomenon known as ambiguity avoidance.     

Distinguishing the land use effects of road pricing based on the urban form attributes

This paper studies the effects of road pricing on land use under different development scenarios (business as usual scenario and transit oriented development scenario) by a quantitative method, which combines the integrated land use and transport interaction model (TRANUS model) with the scenario-planning techniques. Moreover, in order to further analyze the differences of the land use effects of road pricing on traffic analysis zones (TAZs) with different urban form attributes, a quantitative classification method combining factor analysis and cluster analysis is then used to quantitatively classify TAZs. The results demonstrate that the effects of road pricing on the land use of a specific region depend on the urban form attributes of the region. The higher the densities of employments and population, and better street design (high densities of street and intersections) and public transportation condition, the less the region is negatively affected by road pricing, and vice versa. More importantly, rail transit can alleviate the negative impact of road pricing on commercial development and population concentration of the region. Therefore, before introducing a road pricing policy, it is necessary to develop public transport system, especially rail transit.     

A quantum evolutionary algorithm for the second-best congestion pricing problem in urban traffic networks

This paper investigates the congestion pricing problem in urban traffic networks. A first-best strategy, a second-best strategy for toll leveling in closed cordons and a second-best strategy for determining both toll levels and toll points are considered. The problem is known to be a mixed integer programming model and formulated as a bi-level optimization problem, with an objective of maximizing the social welfare. A method is presented to solve the problem, based on a novel metaheuristic algorithm, namely quantum evolutionary algorithm (QEA). To verify the proposed method, the widely used genetic algorithm (GA) is also applied to solve the problem. The problem is solved for a medium-size urban traffic network and the results of the QEA are compared against the conventional GA. Computational results show that the QEA outperforms the GA in solution quality.