Data-driven spatio-temporal discretization for pedestrian flow characterization

We propose a novel approach to pedestrian flow characterization. The definitions of density, flow and velocity existing in the literature are extended through a data-driven spatio-temporal discretization framework. The framework is based on three-dimensional Voronoi diagrams. Synthetic data is used to empirically investigate the performance of the approach and to illustrate its advantages. Our approach outperforms the considered approaches from the literature in terms of the robustness with respect to the simulation noise and with respect to the sampling frequency. Additionally, the proposed approach is by design (i) independent from an arbitrarily chosen discretization; (ii) appropriate for the multidirectional composition of pedestrian traffic; (iii) able to reflect the heterogeneity of the pedestrian population; and (iv) applicable to pedestrian trajectories described either analytically or as a sample of points.     

技术站配流与调机运用综合问题的拉格朗日松弛算法

技术站调度问题中配流与调机运用是关系密切的两个基础问题。基于单机器调度和资源分配理论,构建单解单编技术站配流与调机运用综合问题的混合整数线性规划模型,同时确定出发列车的编组内容和调机的解编任务,使得出发列车满足列车编组要求,且车辆在站加权总停留时间最小。设计拉格朗日松弛算法松弛掉连接约束,将原问题分解为解体子问题、配流子问题和编组子问题,对偶问题采用传统次梯度优化算法求解。最后,采用既有文献算例对该算法的有效性进行测试,结果表明:与分支定界算法相比,该算法能够实现计算质量和时间的较好折中。     

大规模货物列车运行图优化编制的一种拉格朗日松弛启发式算法

针对货物列车运行图优化编制规模庞大、精确求解困难的问题,构造时空网络将列车运行线铺画描述为路径求解问题,将各类约束转化为时空网络节点选择限制,建立整数规划模型。该问题本质在于疏解各列车运行线潜在冲突。对原模型进行拉格朗日松弛,将列车运行线潜在冲突表示为各节点罚数,设计启发式算法并通过拉格朗日乘子更新迭代求解。以京九线北京西至阜阳区段为例,对该区段711条运行线中的439条货物列车运行线进行了优化编制实验。结果表明,在满足运行线铺画条数的前提下,全图货物列车平均旅行速度由39.28 km/h提升至41.81~43.72 km/h,所提出的算法是解决大规模列车运行图编制的一种有效算法。     

配送网络流问题探讨

考虑物流配送中的网络流问题,即由某些供应点向各个需求点通过某种运输工具(货车、轮船等)供应货物的问题,目的是尽可能的降低配送成本.通过一个混和整数规划模型来描述该问题,利用网络单纯形法、拉格朗日松弛算法以及试探法为主要研究方法,有效地得到该问题一个近似程度较高的可行解.     

广义势及非惯性系中的Lagrange方程

本文从动能出发,定义一系列惯性力所对应的广义势,获得非惯性坐标系中的Lagrange函数,从而将Lagrange方程推广到非惯性系,为相对运动的研究提供直捷方便的方法。     

Optimization of bus routing strategies for evacuation

Efficient transportation of evacuees during an emergency has long been recognized as a challenging issue. This paper investigates emergency evacuation strategies that rely on public transit, where buses run continuously, rather than fixed route, based upon the spatial and temporal information of evacuee needs. We formulated an optimal bus operating strategy that minimizes the exposed casualty time rather than operational cost, as a deterministic mixed‐integer program, and investigated the solution algorithm. A Lagrangian‐relaxation‐based solution algorithm was developed for the proposed model. Numerical experiments with different problem sizes were conducted to evaluate the method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Northern Adriatic Sea surface circulation and temperature/pigment fields in September and October 1997

Satellite images of surface chlorophyll-a concentration measured by the sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS) and of sea surface temperature derived from advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) measurements, combined with in-situ drifter measurements of surface currents, and ancillary wind, Po River discharge and surface salinity data, are used to describe the surface dynamics in the northern Adriatic during the period September–October 1997.The satellite observations revealed very complex mesoscale dynamics, with time scales of a day or two and length scales of about 10 km, including the meandering and instability of basin-scale currents (e.g., the western coastal layer), jets/filaments and eddies. In addition, the two typical patterns of the Po River plume are observed and qualitatively explained in terms of wind forcing. A basin-wide double gyre pattern spreads the rich runoff water across most of the northern Adriatic from mid-September to early October, following Bora wind events and under stratified sea conditions. In contrast, in late October the Po plume is confined to the coast due to weaker winds and de-stratified conditions. This variability in the Po River plume extension is also confirmed by in-situ salinity measurements.     

General stochastic user equilibrium traffic assignment problem with link capacity constraints

This paper addresses a general stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) traffic assignment problem with link capacity constraints. It first proposes a novel linearly constrained minimization model in terms of path flows and then shows that any of its local minimums satisfies the generalized SUE conditions. As the objective function of the proposed model involves path‐specific delay functions without explicit mathematical expressions, its Lagrangian dual formulation is analyzed. On the basis of the Lagrangian dual model, a convergent Lagrangian dual method with a predetermined step size sequence is developed. This solution method merely invokes a subroutine at each iteration to perform a conventional SUE traffic assignment excluding link capacity constraints. Finally, two numerical examples are used to illustrate the proposed model and solution method.     

基于拉格朗日松弛算法的自动驾驶公交调度优化研究

为了解决公交实际运营出现的调度方式单一、车辆配合度较差、串车等问题，降低公交运行中人为因素的影响，提高公交系统的运营效率，提出一种考虑乘客动态需求的调度模型，采用自动驾驶环境下的公交运营方式，结合站点实际乘客需求调配车辆，实现了公交车辆利用程度最大和乘客总体等待时间最小的多目标优化。提出的自动驾驶公交调度方法，获取了乘客个体的实时出行需求，同时实现了对车头时距的调控。在模型求解方面，选取拉格朗日松弛算法，最终获得了多目标优化问题的精确解。以北京公交300路快车作为实际案例进行分析，从公交实际运营数据中提取多项参数作为模型的输入，通过拉格朗日松弛算法的求解，得到自动驾驶条件下公交运行时刻表、乘客等待时间、公交承载量、站点上车乘客人数等多项运营指标。通过与公交实际运营状态的对比，论证了采用自动驾驶公交对于改善公交运营现状的可行性。最后将优化结果与公交实际数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：自动驾驶车辆投入公交运营，能够缓解串车问题，同一线路上公交车的载客量分布更为均衡，在同一断面的客流与车头时距的不均衡程度均有所降低；同时高峰时段发车数量减少了20%，公交车的平均承载量提高了21.7%，车辆平均间隔缩短了29.9%。     

Estimating fuel consumption and emissions based on reconstructed vehicle trajectories

Microscopic emission models are widely used in emission estimation and environment evaluation. Traditionally, microscopic traffic simulation models and probe vehicles are two sources of inputs to a microscopic emission model. However, they are not effective in reflecting all vehicles' real‐world operating conditions. Using each vehicle's spot speed data recorded by detectors, this paper provides a new method to estimate all vehicles' real‐world activities data. These data can then be used as inputs to a microscopic emission model to estimate vehicle fuel consumption and emissions. The main task is to reconstruct trajectory of each vehicle and calculate second‐by‐second speed and acceleration from the activities data. The Next Generation Simulation dataset and the Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model are used in this study to calculate and analyze the emission results for both lane‐level and link‐level. The results showed that using the proposed method for estimating vehicle fuel consumption and emissions is promising. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.