Distributed mass/discrete floe model for pack ice rheology computation

A new model, called the distributed mass/discrete floe model, is proposed for performing practical computations of mesoscale pack ice rheology. This model possesses the advantages of both the continuum and the discrete element models: it can express the discrete nature of pack ice, for which it is difficult to use a continuum model, and requires a much shorter computation time than a discrete element model. The pack ice is divided into ice bunches in which the floes, assumed to be distributed uniformly, are modeled as inelastic disks or rectangles floating on the water. The ice interaction forces are formulated from the relationship between the impulse on the bunch and the variation of momentum in the bunch. The ocean flow is calculated simultaneously with the floe movement using a multilayer model. In a circulating water channel, drift tests of physical model floes were performed in order to investigate the characteristics of their motion and interaction with ocean structure models. Near the structure, the floe motion depends on the floe shape. Disk floes show a lateral motion in front of the structure. They flow out around both sides of the structure and the number of floes in front of the structure decreases with the lapse of time. On the other hand, rectangular floes scarcely flow laterally. The number of floes in front of the structure remains constant over time. These experiments indicate that when the motion of pack ice around a structure is simulated, it is important to consider the floe shape. The disk floe motion and the rectangular floe motion can be regarded as extreme cases of pack ice motion. Actual pack ice motion may be between these two extremes. Computations were carried out using the distributed mass/discrete floe (DMDF) model. Simulation results were compared with the circulating water channel experiment results and sea ice motion in the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. The DMDF model predicted the circulating water channel drift test results quite closely. The DMDF model results also compared quite well with the sea ice motion.     

Structural design considerations for ships operating in arctic regions北大核心CSCD

冰脊和冰山与极地船体发生碰撞将影响船体结构安全,并决定船体结构设计载荷。船体结构设计应遵循基于风险的设计原则,通常涉及以下极限状态设计准则:1)服务极限状态(SLS);2)最终极限状态(ULS);3)疲劳极限状态(FLS);4)事故极限状态(ALS)。最终极限状态和事故极限状态对应于发生概率极低的船与冰脊作用以及冰山撞击事件,旨在确保船体结构不会完全损毁。然而,对于较低概率水平的冰载荷分析,需进行较大数据量的工况分析,计算耗时无法承受。为此,引入环境等值轮廓方法,来大幅减少冰载荷分析所需工况数量,并给出设计工况最有可能的冰体参数组合方式。结合最终极限状态和事故极限状态,举例说明这一方法的运用方式。环境等值轮廓方法可为现有极地船舶船体结构设计方法提供有效补充。     

冰雪路面摩擦特性与运营风险管控研究综述

冰雪路面的交通安全问题一直是中国交通行业面对的难题，对冰雪路面运营风险进行智能管控是保障交通安全的有效途径。为了推动冰雪路面智能管控技术的应用，明确研究中的关键问题和未来发展方向，综述了国内外冰雪路面智能管控的相关研究进展。首先，阐述了冰雪对交通带来的影响，揭示了人、车、路三者与交通事故的关系，明确了冰雪路面交通事故的根本诱因是由冰雪导致的路面摩擦特性下降；然后，讨论了冰雪路面的胎-冰-路摩擦机理、影响因素、预估模型及其评价方法；进而，对比分析了路表冰雪状态感知技术的多种原理及其适用性，提出了可以用于智能管控的冰雪感知技术要求；最后，总结归纳了常见的冰雪路面运营的静态、动态风险管控方式，其中静态管控方式包括气象法、历史事故数据法和力学特性法，动态方式包括动力学特性法、交通流特性法和综合风险分析法，综合风险分析法可以表征道路运营风险的多因素动态变化，是未来冰雪路面智能管控的主要方式。     

Ship resistance in random ice field of small ice floes made of the substitute material北大核心CSCD

［Objectives］This study focuses on the feasibility of a ship resistance model test in an ice field of small ice floes made of substitute material in order to reveal the resistance components and thereby provide technical support for the design of ice-going ships. ［Methods ］ Ship resistance test in ice floes made of polypropylene (PP) instead of natural refrigerated ice is conducted. By adjusting the sizes, shapes, numbers of ice floes, the random ice field with a given concentration is generated. The geometric phase transition theory predicts that there exists a critical concentration which divides the random ice field into discrete phase (concentration is less than critical value) and connected phase (concentration is greater than critical value). ［Results］The main components of ice resistance in the discrete phase are open water resistance and ship-ice collision resistance, while ice resistance in the connected phase includes ice friction resistance, open water friction resistance and collision resistance. If the fractal dimension of the random ice field is used to redefine the ice resistance coefficient, it is nearly constant in the trial range (speed 0.3–0.9 m/s) when the concentration is smaller than the critical value. When the concentration is greater than the critical value, the ice friction resistance is inversely proportional to speed. ［Conclusions］Polypropylene can replace frozen ice in the prediction of ice resistance. The pure ice resistance of an ice field is divided into two components: ice resistance arising from collision and ice friction resistance arising from accumulation. © 2022 Journal of Clinical Hepatology. All rights reserved.     

浅谈如何降低车载空调返修率

针对部分车载空调经过维修后会出现故障返修概率高现象,笔者以经验结合部分相关理论,浅谈如何降低故障返修率的心得。     

不同因素对路表冰层冻粘强度的影响分析

针对目前国内道路冬季积雪结冰只能封闭交通或依靠融雪剂的问题,采用试验的方法,以冰层冻粘强度为评价指标,结合不同载体、同一载体不同冻结时间和冰层厚度几个不同因素,分析了其对冰层冻粘强度的影响。结果表明:在同一冰层厚度、相同冻结时间及相同冻结温度的条件下,以亲水性好的水泥混凝土作粘结面的冰层冻粘强度要较以憎水性好的橡胶混凝土作粘结面的冰层冻粘强度大。而在相同载体的条件下,冰层的冻结时间与厚度对冻粘强度几乎没有影响。从而可以判断采用憎水性的路面材料具有减粘、防粘的作用。     

渤海单立柱桶型基础平台冰振分析

桶形基础平台是一种新型的海洋结构,由于目前对该结构的研究集中在桶基失效及承载力方面,其抗冰振性能还很模糊。文章基于对渤海单立柱式桶基平台的多年现场监测,发现其冰振加速度响应显著,明显高于导管架平台结构。利用谱分析方法对一实际桶基平台进行了冰振疲劳寿命分析,计算结果表明,关键点疲劳寿命符合规范要求。最后,提出此类结构冰振抑制策略,为其结构抗冰设计提供依据。     

A comparative analysis of the fluid-structure interaction method and the constant added mass method for ice-structure collisions

The constant added mass (CAM) method and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method are widely used to simulate ship-ship and ship-ice collisions. In the CAM method, the hydrodynamic effect of the surrounding water is treated as a constant added mass, whereas in the FSI method the surrounding fluid flow is explicitly modelled. The objective of the paper is to compare the two methods and to explain the causes of the differences in the results. We considered collision between a freshwater ice mass and a floating steel structure. For both methods, the numerical simulations were performed with the LS-DYNA software. The behaviour of the ice mass was modelled using an elliptic yield criterion and a strain-based pressure-dependent failure criterion. To ensure realistic ice behaviour, the ice model was calibrated using general trends found in laboratory and in-situ indentation tests with focus on the laboratory-grown ice and the fluid model in the LS-DYNA was verified by comparing the added mass coefficients for a spherical body and a rectangular block with the corresponding WADAM results. To validate and benchmark the numerical simulations, experimental data on ice-structure interactions in water were used, including the acceleration of the floater wall measured with the dynamic motion unit (DMU), the relative velocity between the ice mass and the floater before the impact and some images extracted from video recording of the test. The comparisons indicated that the FSI method yields better results for the motion of the floater, i.e., the acceleration of the floater wall caused by the ice mass’s impact and the relative velocity were in reasonably good agreement with experimental measurements. It was also found that the CAM method was faster but predicted a higher peak contact force and more dissipated energy in the ice mass than in the FSI method.     

潮湿山区路面凝冰机理及路面抗滑性研究综述

论述了潮湿山区路面凝冰机理、凝冰的物理特性,以及凝冰路面抗滑性能的研究意义,介绍了国内研究概况,提出并初步探讨了关于路面凝冰机理和凝冰路面方面应进行研究的重点内容和相关的试验方法.综合国内外研究现状可知,关于路面凝冰机理和凝冰路面性能的研究需要更深入更具体,其研究内容应着重考虑研究路面凝冰形成机理、路面凝冰物理特性,以及凝冰路面抗滑性能.     

Winter–spring dynamics in sea-ice carbon cycling in the coastal Arctic Ocean

An understanding of microbial interactions in first-year sea ice on Arctic shelves is essential for identifying potential responses of the Arctic Ocean carbon cycle to changing sea-ice conditions. This study assessed dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC), exopolymeric substances (EPS), chlorophyll a, bacteria and protists, in a seasonal (24 February to 20 June 2004) investigation of first-year sea ice and associated surface waters on the Mackenzie Shelf. The dynamics of and relationships between different sea-ice carbon pools were investigated for the periods prior to, during and following the sea-ice-algal bloom, under high and low snow cover. A predominantly heterotrophic sea-ice community was observed prior to the ice-algal bloom under high snow cover only. However, the heterotrophic community persisted throughout the study with bacteria accounting for, on average, 44% of the non-diatom particulate carbon biomass overall the study period. There was an extensive accumulation of sea-ice organic carbon following the onset of the ice-algal bloom, with diatoms driving seasonal and spatial trends in particulate sea-ice biomass. DOC and EPS were also significant sea-ice carbon contributors such that sea-ice DOC concentrations were higher than, or equivalent to, sea-ice-algal carbon concentrations prior to and following the algal bloom, respectively. Sea-ice-algal carbon, DOC and EPS-carbon concentrations were significantly interrelated under high and low snow cover during the algal bloom (r values ≥ 0.74, p < 0.01). These relationships suggest that algae are primarily responsible for the large pools of DOC and EPS-carbon and that similar stressors and/or processes could be involved in regulating their release. This study demonstrates that DOC can play a major role in organic carbon cycling on Arctic shelves.