考虑车辆调度和调度员分配的共享汽车混合车队规模优化

针对电动汽车存在充电续航问题与传统燃油汽车存在环境污染问题的矛盾,本文提出共 享汽车混合车队规模优化方法。首先,在不考虑成本条件下,分析动态车辆调度和实时调度员分 配对共享汽车系统需求满足和车辆利用的影响。然后,针对由传统内燃汽车、混合动力汽车、插 入式混合动力汽车和纯电动汽车构成的混合共享汽车系统,考虑车辆调度和调度员分配,以运营 商利润最大化为目标,CO2排放量和道路拥堵为约束,构建混合车队规模优化模型。通过Matlab 调用Gurobi求解器求解上述混合整数线性规划模型。最后,以成都市为例,分析不同CO2排放量 约束,以及车辆调度对共享汽车运营商利润、不同类型的车队规模、车辆利用率和用户需求满足 率的影响。同时,比较单一车队和混合车队共享汽车系统,结果显示,混合车队和单一插入式混 合动力车队可以实现经济效益和环境效益的双赢,是目前最适合共享汽车系统发展的模式。     

Measuring the thicknesses of the freshwater-layer plume and sea ice in the land-fast ice region of the Mackenzie Delta using helicopter-borne sensors

Helicopter-borne sensors have been used since the early 1990s to monitor ice properties in support of winter marine transportation along the east coast of Canada. The observations are used in ice chart production and to validate ice hazard identification algorithms using satellite advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) imagery. In this study we evaluated the sensors' additional capability to monitor the freshwater plume characteristic beneath land-fast ice. During the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) data were collected over the Mackenzie Delta in the southern Beaufort Sea where a buoyant river plume exists. Results showed that the electromagnetic–laser system could describe not only the ice properties but also the horizontal distribution of the freshwater plume depths that decreased in depth stepwise offshore as the flow of the buoyant plume was restricted by a series of ridge-rubble fields running parallel to the coast. Relative to the 2 m mean ice thickness, the plume layer depth varied from zero under mobile offshore pack ice to 3 m inshore of the third set of ridge-rubble fields.     

Protist entrapment in newly formed sea ice in the Coastal Arctic Ocean

Protist abundance and taxonomic composition were determined in four development stages of newly formed sea ice (new ice, nilas, young ice and thin first-year ice) and in the underlying surface waters of the Canadian Beaufort Sea from 30 September to 19 November 2003. Pico- and nanoalgae were counted by flow cytometry whereas photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists ≥ 4 µm were identified and counted by inverted microscopy. Protists were always present in sea ice and surface water samples throughout the study period. The most abundant protists in sea ice and surface waters were cells < 4 µm. They were less abundant in sea ice (418–3051 × 10³ cells L^− 1) than in surface waters (1393–5373 × 10³ cells L^− 1). In contrast, larger protists (≥ 4 µm) were more abundant in sea ice (59–821 × 10³ cells L^− 1) than in surface waters (22–256 × 10³ cells L^− 1). These results suggest a selective incorporation of larger cells into sea ice. The ≥ 4 µm protist assemblage was composed of a total number of 73 taxa, including 12 centric diatom species, 7 pennate diatoms, 11 dinoflagellates and 16 flagellates. The taxonomic composition in the early stage of ice formation (i.e., new ice) was very similar to that observed in surface waters and was composed of a mixed population of nanoflagellates (Prasinophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae), diatoms (mainly Chaetoceros species) and dinoflagellates. In older stages of sea ice (i.e., young ice and thin first-year ice), the taxonomic composition became markedly different from that of the surface waters. These older ice samples contained relatively fewer Prasinophyceae and more unidentified nanoflagellates than the younger ice. Diatom resting spores and dinoflagellate cysts were generally more abundant in sea ice than in surface waters. However, further studies are needed to determine the importance of this winter survival strategy in Arctic sea ice. This study clearly shows the selective incorporation of large cells (≥ 4 µm) in newly formed sea ice and the change in the taxonomic composition of protists between sea ice and surface waters as the fall season progresses.     

Variability of snow and ice thermal, physical and optical properties pertinent to sea ice algae biomass during spring

Changes in the thermal, physical and optical properties of the snow–sea ice system and feedbacks between various temporal and spatial scales affect accumulation of microalgae at the sea ice bottom and are the focus of this research. During the spring transition period, May 4 to June 9, 2002, we closely monitored atmospheric conditions and properties of the snow–sea ice system, including thermal, physical and optical properties of the snow cover (e.g., temperature, grain size, light attenuation), ice thickness and salinity, and biomass of bottom ice algae. Results show that snowdrift size averaged 31.2 by 10.6 m with a depth range of 2 to 45 cm. Snowpacks also varied in age, distinguished by coincident peaks of snow salinity and grain size and a lower PAR extinction coefficient. Spatial variability of the snowpack was superimposed by temporal variability associated with seasonal snow–ice melt and wind redistribution of snow. Maximum biomass of ice algae was observed under intermediate snow covers. Under thin snow covers, algae biomass declined steadily coincident with seasonal warming and desalination of the ice cover. Under thick snow covers, algae biomass was negatively correlated with snow depth. These results suggest that thin snow covers were associated with a thermal effect causing sloughing of algae, whereas under deep snow, algae were still light limited and thermally insulated from the warming atmosphere. Our results highlight the importance of snow cover history on the sea ice system operating below. Furthermore, in the context of current climate change scenarios, shifts in snow depth would result in decreases of ice algae biomass.     

一种船用淡水制冰/海水蓄冷装置

针对船舶的特点提出了一种利用动态乳化油制取冰晶、同时利用海水的显热来贮存冷量的装置。介绍了该装置的技术原理、特点及应用前景。     

低温送风系统散流器的性能评价

通过实验和数值模拟计算，对风车－风扇诱导型散流器的性能进行分析，表明该型散流器具有高诱导比，并且在一次风量变化范围很大时均能正常工作，因而能在空调房间的工作区内形成较为均匀的气流分布和温度分布。由此可见，在冰蓄冷低温送风系统中，采用该型散流器可获得舒适的室内热环境。     

抗暗冰填料应用性能研究

化学类抑制冻结铺装技术是国外提出来的一种抵抗冬季暗冰的一种新技术手段,并取得了良好的应用效果。我国大部分地区冬季气候湿冷,易产生暗冰,并导致交通事故发生率的逐年增长,抗暗冰材料的研发对提高我国冬季交通安全和填补我国抗暗冰技术的空白有非常重大的社会和经济意义。该文对国内自主研发的一款新型抗暗冰填料的应用性能研究作了介绍,可供同行参考。     

Numerical study of ice-induced loads on ship hulls

A numerical model is introduced in this paper to investigate both global and local ice loads on ship hulls. This model is partly based on empirical data, by which the observed phenomena of continuous icebreaking can be well reproduced. In the simulation of a full-scale icebreaking trial, the interdependence between the ice load and the ship’s motion is considered, and the three degree-of-freedom rigid body equations of surge, sway and yaw are solved by numerical integration. The variations in the level ice thickness and in the strength properties of ice can also be taken into account. The simulated ice loads on ship hulls are discussed through two case studies, in which the ship’s performance, the statistics of ice-induced frame loads, and the spatial distribution of ice loads around the hull are analyzed and compared with field measurements. As far as we know the present paper is the first to integrate all the features above. It is hoped that further studies on this numerical model can supplement the field and laboratory measurements in establishing a design basis for the ice-going ships especially for ships navigating in the first-year ice.     

冰雪条件下信号交叉口交通流特性分析

冰雪条件下信号交叉口的交通流与正常天气下相比会在定性和定量两方面产生变化,针对这一问题的专项研究是研究冰雪条件下信号交叉口周期优化和通行能力的基础和前提.文中从信号交叉口车流特征出发,系统研究单点控制信号交叉口的车流基本参数在冰雪条件下的特性变化,并着重研究信号交叉口车辆时间损失特性,建立了冰雪条件下信号交叉口车辆延误时间影响模型.进一步以信号交叉口各进口道和整体交叉口车流为对象,根据自然形态区分的各类冰雪条件分别进行研究和建立相应模型,通过模型计算与实测结果的比较分析得出结论.     

东营港某桩基引桥工程防冰设计

结合目前国内冰荷载研究现状,主要介绍了东营港某桩基工程的冰荷载类型、冰荷载计算方法及防冰设计方案,从施工难易程度、施工工期、投资造价等方面考虑,着重分析比较了预制挡冰裙和基桩外包钢皮这两种防冰措施的特点,并总结了海港工程防冰设计应注意的主要事项,供同类工程设计时参考、借鉴。