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61.
Introduction Soil freezing and thawing have a harmful impacton roads and buildings in cold regions. For example,frost heave and thawing settlement lead to cracks, set-tlement and structure breaking. A number ofreports[1-3]indicated that the frost heave induced bywater transfer could exceed the volume of water chan-ges because of water freezing in the cells. The mainmodels for coupled heat and moisture transfer infreezing soil are hydrodynamic models and rigid icemodels[1,2]. Though the hydrod… 相似文献
62.
立足于乌鲁木齐市中心城区平面信号控制交叉口,以乌鲁木齐市西虹西路与南昌南路交叉口为例,调查不同天气条件下交叉口的交通流特性,研究冰雪条件下道路交叉口机动车的延误、车速及车头时距状况。分析冰雪条件下机动车存平面信号交叉口时的交通流特征,并与正常天气下进行对比。结果表明冰雪条件下机动车停驶延误增加4~8S,引道延误增加2~5S,车速降低约30%,车头时距增加10%~20%。研究成果为乌鲁木齐市在交通规划和设计中提供参考依据。 相似文献
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主要阐述了渤海辽东湾重冰区海域锦州21-1 BOP和锦州9-3E WHPA平台导管架破冰锥体的设计实践,并对渤海重冰区平台导管架破冰锥体的设计提出了建议. 相似文献
65.
On maximum forces exerted by floating ice on a structure due to constrained thermal expansion of ice
The problem of interaction between a floating ice cover and an engineering structure is considered, in which the ice–structure contact forces are caused by an increase in ice temperature due to solar radiation in situations, when the lateral thermal expansion of ice is constrained. The focus is on the determination of the maximum thermally-induced horizontal force exerted on a structure wall, assuming that the magnitude of this force is bound by the smallest force capable of fracturing the ice cover due to its buckling. The ice cover is modelled as a rectangular plate of uniform thickness, with its four edges being constrained by vertical rigid walls, and it is assumed that ice deforms, and eventually fails, by the mechanism of viscous creep buckling. The plate is subjected to in-plane axial compressive stresses developing in ice to prevent its thermal expansion due to solar heating, and is transversely (vertically) bent by the forces caused by the reaction of underlying water. The floating ice is treated as a material whose elastic and viscous properties depend on temperature and the ice porosity, and therefore they vary with time and the depth of ice. The results of numerical simulations, conducted for a variety of the ice plate horizontal dimensions, thicknesses and daytime temperature-change scenarios, illustrate the evolution of the plate deflection surface prior to its failure, and show the time variation of the maximum forces exerted by ice on a structure wall as functions of the ice thickness and maximum daytime temperature rise at the top surface of ice. 相似文献
66.
The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given. 相似文献
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The trend towards global warming and the rapid decline in the extent of summer Arctic sea ice over recent years has increased the feasibility of international Arctic shipping. In this study we propose a seasonal NSR (North Sea Route)/SCR (Suez Canal Route)-combined shipping service linking Shanghai and Rotterdam, using the Northern Sea Route during the economical navigable window but using the traditional Suez Canal Route at other times. Different from the previous literatures, this paper dynamically considers the sea ice extent in the model, which is more reasonable for the assessment of Arctic container shipping, because fuel consumption is highly related to ship speed, while ship speed is determined by the relative distances of ice-covered and ice-free route stages. A new approach is developed to predict the time points at which the ship enters and exits the ice-covered stage, given that both the ship position and the extent of sea ice are constantly changing. The results show that the NSR/SCR-combined Arctic container service can be more economical than the SCR, given lower NSR tariffs. 相似文献
70.
归纳了食品保鲜的涵义,概括了食品保鲜技术的发展,介绍了传统冷藏、气调贮藏和冰温贮藏三种食品保鲜技术.论述了国内船用食品保鲜技术的应用现状,针对这一现状以及前述三种保鲜技术的各自特点,提出了针对船舶的中、长期需求分别采用冰温冷藏+真空保鲜、冰温冷藏+气调贮藏的食品保鲜模式,并说明了今后在实践过程中需要进行研究的一些技术问题. 相似文献