冰区船舶操纵

本文详细分析了船舶在冰区航行时靠离码头，冰流中锚泊，冰中救助等冰区船舶操纵特殊情况，并总结经验。其对船舶在冰区安全航行具有很好指导意义。     

Microbial community structure in the marginal ice zone of the Bellingshausen Sea

Phytoplankton, bacteria and microzooplankton were investigated on a transect in the Bellingshausen Sea during the ice melt period in November–December 1992. The transect along the 85°W meridian comprised seven stations that progressed from solid pack-ice (70°S), through melting ice into open water (67°S). The abundance, biomass and taxonomic composition were determined for each component of the microbial community. The phytoplankton was mostly dominated by diatoms, particularly small (<20 μm) species. Diatom abundance ranged from 66 000 cells l⁻¹ under the ice to 410 000 cells l⁻¹ in open water. Phytoplankton biomass varied from <1 to 167 mg C m⁻³, with diatoms comprising 89–95% of the total biomass in open water and autotrophic nanoflagellates comprising 57% under the ice. The standing stocks of autotrophs in the mixed layer ranged from 95 mg C m⁻² under the pack-ice to 9478 mg C m⁻² in open waters. Bacterial abundance in ice-covered and open water stations varied from 1.1 to 5.5×10⁸ cells l⁻¹. Bacterial biomass ranged from 2.4 mg C m⁻³ under pack-ice to an average of 14 mg C m⁻³ in open water. The microzooplankton consisted mainly of aloricate oligotrich ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates and these were most abundant in open waters. Their biomass varied between 0.2 and 54 mg C m⁻³ with a minimum at depth under the ice and maximum in open surface waters. Microheterotrophic standing stocks varied between 396 mg C m⁻² under pack-ice and 3677 mg C m⁻² in the open waters. The standing stocks of the total microbial community increased consistently from 491 mg C m⁻² at the ice station to 13 155 mg C m⁻² in open waters, reflecting the productive response of the community to ice-melt. The composition of the microbial community also shifted markedly from one dominated by heterotrophs (82% of microbial stocks) at the ice station to one dominated by autotrophs (73% of microbial stocks) in the open water. Our estimates suggest that the microbial community comprised >100% of the total particulate organic carbon (POC) under the ice and 62–66% of the measured POC in the open waters.     

The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds

The correlation between areas of open water in ice-covered seas and increased biological productivity has been noted for some time. To date, most attention has been focused on larger polynyas, such as the Northeast Water and the Northwater. Although spectacular in their own right, these large polynyas represent only part of a vitally important continuum of biological productivity that varies significantly between geographic areas and ice habitats, that includes the multi-year pack of the polar ocean and small localized polynyas in annual ice. Surveys of the distribution and abundance of ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago have shown differences in density that are correlated with the presence or absence of polynyas. There is also significant variation in the biological productivity of polynya areas of the Canadian High Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland, all of which receive inflow from the polar basin. Long-term studies of polar bears and ringed seals in western Hudson Bay and the eastern Beaufort Sea show significant but dissimilar patterns of change in condition and reproductive rates between the two regions and suggest that fundamentally different climatic or oceanographic processes may be involved. Projections of climate models suggest that, if warming occurs, then the extent of ice cover in Hudson Bay may be among the first things affected. Long-term studies of polar bears and ringed seals in the eastern Beaufort Sea and Hudson Bay would suggest these two species to be suitable indicators of significant climatic or oceanographic changes in the marine ecosystem.     

提高铁路电力系统抗击冰雪灾害能力的探讨

对铁路电力系统受灾情况进行了收集和归纳,对雪灾引起铁路供电系统停电故障的原因进行了分析,并就提高铁路供电系统抗击特大冰雪灾害的能力进行了探讨。     

高寒山区高等级公路涎流冰的形成与防治

通过对寒冷山区高等级公路涎流冰形成条件的分析,阐明了形成公路涎流冰病害的主要因素及其危害,并结合实际提出了经济、合理有效地防治公路涎流冰的方法和途径。     

不同敏感性参数下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应

基于我国第七次北极科学考察获得的夏季北极海冰空间分布情况,模拟真实碎冰分布,采用LS-DYNA软件中的流固耦合方法,研究在船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度等因素影响下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应。结合试验数据得到船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力。结果表明：船舶-碎冰的主要碰撞区域为艏部及舷侧的水线附近;在船舶航行于碎冰域时,船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力的峰值随碎冰域的船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度的增加而增加,但分布情况不同。研究结果为船舶在极地冰区航行提供一定的安全性参考。     

自发热机场沥青混凝土道面融雪化冰试验研究

通过对铺装了导电体的自发热机场沥青混凝土道面进行化冰试验与融雪试验（初始温度为-10 ℃、导体控制温度为50 ℃、设置和不设置隔热层），得出了融雪化冰所需时间和设置隔热层能够提高能量利用率的结论。运用有限元软件融雪化冰分析，与试验结果对比，验证了试验结果的正确性。并对下一步研究工作提出了建议。     

冰机及其冷却水系统的改造与实现

文章主要通过对某科学考察船冰机及其冷却水系统出厂以来出现的各类故障及维护情况进行统计与分析，找出存在问题的主要原因，并提出相应的改进方案。     

一款用于变电站的融冰工程车

由于变电站内通道狭窄,承载融冰开关的普通工程车在站内不能行走自如,因此设计开发了带遥控功能的融冰工程车。介绍了该工程车的结构、设计及关键件的选型,该车在变电站内不受道路条件限制,转弯半径小,行驶自如,能够满足变电站雨雪冰冻天气融冰的需要,值得推广和应用。     

接触网绝缘子覆冰闪络电压探讨

接触网覆冰不仅影响接触线的弛度、支柱的容量,在一定程度上还影响着接触网绝缘子的闪络电压.在重冰区,设计人员应当考虑覆冰对绝缘子闪络的影响.本文通过研究形成绝缘子覆冰的条件,并以接触网悬式绝缘子串为例进行了覆冰绝缘子的闪络电压计算,对接触网在重冰区的设计以及运营维护有一定的参考价值.