理化检验样品中铅,铜测定的微波消化条件探讨

报道了利用微波消化检验样品的基本原理，并介绍了利用民用微波炉，聚四氟乙烯高压罐消化样品的操作方法及最佳消化条件。经微波消化的消化液。应用原子吸收法测定其中的铅和铜，并做了回收率实验。测定结果变异系数铜：２．０％－４．５％，铅：２．５％－３．８％。回收率铜９８．０％－９９．０％，铅：９６．０％－９９．５％。     

温度循环下CA砂浆力学特性与微观结构试验研究

对-20～80℃环境温度循环下的CA砂浆试件开展单轴压缩试验,分析其力学性能与循环次数的关系,并应用CT扫描技术分析循环过程中砂浆各组分的变化,进而从微观结构解释其力学性能变化机理。试验结果表明:砂浆力学性能在循环初期较为稳定,35次循环后弹性模量开始增大,120次循环后砂浆已基本失去塑性。CT扫描结果表明:温度循环下砂浆中乳化沥青不仅发生了老化作用,还发生了软化迁移,这种微观结构的物理化学变化导致砂浆弹性模量快速增长。     

铅芯橡胶桥梁隔震支座屈服比的优化及设计应用

运用有限元软件SAP2000,建立不同未隔震桥梁自振周期,铅芯橡胶隔震支座弹性周期、非弹性周期和隔震屈服比的198个单自由度隔震桥梁模型,进行非线性地震能量反应分析,研究铅芯橡胶隔震支座屈服比与其耗能比的关系以及不同地震水平下的优化屈服比。研究表明,隔震支座优化屈服比随着地震动水平的增强而增大,但增大趋势逐渐减缓;以ElCentro波作为激励得到的优化屈服比拟合公式对不同地震波具有较好的适用性;将基于最大限度耗能确定的隔震支座优化屈服比应用到桥梁隔震的两阶段设计中,即保证了桥梁在正常条件下的使用,又保证了在较大地震荷载作用下,隔震支座最大限度地发挥耗能减震作用。     

水溶液中以NaCl为掺杂剂动电位法合成聚吡咯

以NaC l为掺杂剂和电解质,采用动电位扫描法合成聚吡咯.研究表明:正向电极电位(V2)越大,合成的聚吡咯量越大;吡咯单体浓度越大,动电位扫描生成聚吡咯所需的正向电极电位越低,在0.1MNaC l水溶液中,吡咯浓度=0.10 M时,V2≥0.9 V;吡咯浓度=0.43 M时,V2≥0.8 V.合成的聚吡咯在0.1 M磷酸盐溶液中进行循环伏安扫描表征其导电性及稳定性,结果表明:吡咯单体的浓度越大,所合成的聚吡咯膜越厚,导电率越高;动电位扫描次数越多,合成的聚吡咯膜越致密,与外界介质如空气或水接触的范围相对较小,则聚吡咯膜越稳定.     

8K机车辅助电源能流循环试验台变流系统

能流循环试验台是针对8K机车辅助电源系统测试而设计的节能试验装置,用于辅助电源变流系统的日常测试和维护.辅助电源变流系统由晶闸管整流器和被测IGBT逆变器组成,负载采用PWM整流器控制输出电流.变流系统由以DSP为核心的数字控制系统控制.试验证明,该试验台能在满足额定功率测试的条件下,大大节约电能,减少噪声污染.     

Reducing car dependence in the heart of Europe: lessons from Germany,Austria, and Switzerland

Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, and Zurich – the largest cities in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland – have significantly reduced the car share of trips over the past 25 years in spite of high motorisation rates. The key to their success has been a coordinated package of mutually reinforcing transport and land-use policies that have made car use slower, less convenient, and more costly, while increasing the safety, convenience, and feasibility of walking, cycling, and public transport. The mix of policies implemented in each city has been somewhat different. The German cities have done far more to promote cycling, while Zurich and Vienna offer more public transport service per capita at lower fares. All five of the cities have implemented roughly the same policies to promote walking, foster compact mixed-use development, and discourage car use. Of the car-restrictive policies, parking management has been by far the most important. The five case study cities demonstrate that it is possible to reduce car dependence even in affluent societies with high levels of car ownership and high expectations for quality of travel.     

大城市核心区步行和自行车系统规划策略--以天津市劝业场地区为例

中国许多大城市核心区交通压力突出,业态传统、单一,公共空间缺失,吸引力和竞争力日益下降。打造活力高效的步行和自行车系统,提升核心区吸引力和活力,成为区域发展的首要任务。以天津市核心区劝业场地区为例,采用PLPS调查方法,分析街道网络的主要问题与诉求,提出街道重建的发展原则及实施策略,为打造核心区高品质步行和自行车交通体系提供指导。     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

正压加注机加热装置分析及改进

本文简要地介绍了成都西屋科技有限公司生产的正压加注机所存在的主要问题,对其加注机加热工作原理和加热方式进行分析和探讨。重点是针对加注机加热问题,结合实际生产维护提出改进方案,并进行加热方式改进,使得加注机加热效果取得显著效果。     

浅谈船舶铅封管理

目前,船舶铅封工作正在全国范围内深入开展,本文结合笔者自己的工作实践,以某大型远洋船舶为例,着重介绍了如何阅读机舱油污水管系图以及如何对其实施铅封管理工作。