干湿循环条件下碾压膨胀土的裂隙发展规律

为探讨公路工程中膨胀土路基裂隙的开展过程和演化规律,设计并开展了室内模拟试验,初步获得压实膨胀土中裂隙的发育过程及随干湿循环作用次数的变化规律.运用MATLAB的图像处理功能,对开裂试样进行了定性描述和定量统计分析.分析结果表明:初始状态下,试样中产生的裂隙细微短小,裂隙率较低;首次干湿循环作用后,试样裂隙率大幅提高,且开裂宽度和深度急剧加大;但经随后几次干湿循环的作用,裂隙的增长率逐步减小并趋于稳定.研究结论对指导膨胀土路基施工有一定意义.     

The growing gap in pedestrian and cyclist fatality rates between the United States and the United Kingdom,Germany, Denmark,and the Netherlands, 1990–2018

ABSTRACT

Using official national data for each country, this article calculates trends in walking and cycling fatalities per capita and per km in the USA, the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark. From 1990 to 2018, pedestrian fatalities per capita fell by 23% in the USA vs. 66%–80% in the other countries; cyclist fatalities per capita fell by 22% in the USA vs. 55%–68% in the other countries. In 2018, pedestrian fatality rates per km in the USA were 5–10 times higher than in the other four countries; cyclist fatality rates per km in the USA were 4–7 times higher. The gap in walking and cycling fatality rates between the USA and the other countries increased over the entire 28-year period, but especially from 2010 to 2018. Over that 8-year period, per-capita fatality rates in the USA rose by 19% for pedestrians and 11% for cyclists; per-km fatality rates rose by 17% for pedestrians and 33% for cyclists. By comparison, fatality rates either fell or remained stable in the four European countries. We reviewed the relevant literature to identify factors that might help explain the much lower walking and cycling fatality rates in Europe compared to the USA. Possible explanatory factors include better walking and cycling infrastructure; lower urban speed limits; fewer vehicle km travelled; smaller and less powerful personal motor vehicles; and better traffic training, testing, and enforcement of traffic regulations. We recommend that the USA consider implementing an integrated package of mutually reinforcing safety measures such as those that have been successfully implemented in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany to reduce pedestrian and cyclist fatality rates.     

出发场咽喉区兼作编尾牵出线的场间联系方案

针对牵出线长度比较短,无法停放一整列溜放车列的情况,需要将牵出线延伸至出发场咽喉区,对此本文提出一种场间联系方案,并对电路细节进行分析和设计.     

水系钠离子全电池的制备及性能研究

水系钠离子电池具有安全、环境友好及成本低的优点,是下一代储能装置的发展方向之一.通过制备和表征碳纳米管复合的Na3V2(PO4)3和NaTi2(PO4)3两种材料,并作为正极和负极组装了水系钠离子全电池.对全电池进行充放电及循环性能测试,重点分析了循环衰减变化规律.循环寿命分析结果表明,电池衰减在两个不同循环区间内分别...     

Refined parameter and uncertainty estimation when both variables are subject to error. Case study: estimation of Si consumption and regeneration rates in a marine environment

The problem of estimating parameters and their uncertainty from experimental measurements in marine ecosystems is a common task and often necessitates solving nonlinear equations. If the measurements are subject to individually varying errors (i.e., heteroscedastic data), the parameters are often estimated using a Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method. For estimating the parameter uncertainties, a linearized expression for the covariance matrix exists. Yet, both methods assume that the errors on the independent variable, also called “input”, is negligible, which is often not true. For instance, in order to determine uptake and regeneration rates of silicic acid by phytoplankton, concentration and isotopic abundance measurements are performed at the beginning (input) and at the end (output) of an incubation experiment. Here, the so-called input and output are measurements of the same quantities, i.e., determined in exactly the same way, only differing by the time at which the measurements were performed. Clearly, there is no reason to assume that the input measurements are subject to less error than the output measurements. We propose a refinement of the two abovementioned estimation methods which enlarges their applicability to cases where input noise is not negligible. The refined methods are evaluated on the uptake and regeneration processes of silicic acid and compared to the original procedures using Monte-Carlo simulations. The results reveal a smaller bias for the refined WLS estimator compared with the original one. An additional advantage of using the refined WLS cost function is that its residual value can be interpreted as a sample from a χ² distribution. This property is especially useful because it enables an internal quality control of the results. In addition, the parameter uncertainty estimation is significantly improved. By neglecting the effect of the input noise, a (potentially) important origin of the parameter variation is simply ignored. Therefore, without the refinement, the parameter uncertainties are systematically underestimated. Using the refined method, this systematic error disappears and on the whole, the parameter standard deviations are accurately estimated.     

塞拉门机构中丝杠磨损分析

丝杠的磨损过程与润滑状态、受力、材料等多种方面有关,文章以塞拉门机构中丝杠螺母副为例,定量的研究丝杠的磨损量。首先分析确定丝杠的磨损类型为磨粒磨损,通过simulation仿真确定丝杠最大允许磨损深度为设计尺寸Δ。基于Archard磨损模型对丝杠的磨损建立磨损模型,同时建立丝杠受力模型,通过计算得出保证丝杠在允许磨损范围Δ内丝杠表面硬度至少应为401.85HV。最终通过寿命试验,将试验现象与验证理论计算进行拟合,对后续塞拉门机构丝杠选材及表面处理提供了一定参考价值。     

铅芯橡胶支座隔震铁路简支梁桥双向地震响应分析

采用铅芯橡胶支座,选取具有不同固有周期的4座铁路简支梁桥桥墩,建立空间有限元模型。以7组典型地震波作为激励,进行铅芯橡胶支座隔震铁路简支梁桥的双向地震响应分析。采用时程分析法计算考虑和不考虑铅芯橡胶支座恢复力耦合作用的隔震桥墩系统的地震响应。分析结果表明:双向地震动作用下考虑耦合作用的铅芯橡胶支座的位移—恢复力曲线与单向地震作用下不考虑双向恢复力的耦合作用时的位移—恢复力曲线在形状上存在较大差别,铅芯橡胶支座的滞回耗能也不相同;不同地震激励下铅芯橡胶支座恢复力的耦合作用对铅芯橡胶支座峰值位移的影响程度不同;随着桥墩一阶固有周期的增加,铅芯橡胶支座恢复力的耦合作用对一阶振型方向的支座峰值位移的影响程度逐渐增大;梁体的峰值地震响应的规范计算值大都高于实际值,故按照规范值进行铁路简支梁桥的隔震设计偏于安全。     

中厚板高强钢冷热多丝复合埋弧焊热循环参数测量

为解决中厚板高强钢埋弧焊(Submerged Arc Welding, SAW)焊缝热影响区(Heat Affected Zone, HAZ)热循环参数准确测量难题，自主研制多通道热电偶测温软/硬件系统，测量并比较不同焊丝组合(单丝和冷热多丝复合)对应的焊缝HAZ热循环主要参数。试验结果表明：与单丝SAW工艺相比，冷热多丝复合SAW工艺可解决SAW较大热输入产生的焊缝HAZ脆化问题，提高焊缝组织性能和焊接质量；在中厚板高强钢焊接过程中，冷热多丝复合SAW工艺可为温度场数值模拟计算分析提供实测数据，为各种工艺参数的确定与优化、焊缝HAZ的组织性能改善提供必要的理论基础。