基于正交设计的船用柴油机燃烧系统参数匹配及优化

为研究柴油机燃烧系统参数匹配对柴油机动力和排放性能的影响,首先分别利用AVL_BOOST和AVL_FIRE仿真软件建立4190ZLC-2型船用柴油机整机模型和缸内燃烧高压循环模型,然后基于已建模型应用正交试验设计方法安排柴油机进气系统、喷油系统和燃烧室结构尺寸参数匹配仿真计算。研究结果表明,通过极差分析可以得出燃烧系统参数对4190ZLC-2型柴油机性能的影响主次顺序。以柴油机指示功率为评价指标时,参数组合0.26 mm-28°CA-160°-0.9-145 mm-2.6 mm-22 mm(喷孔直径-喷油提前角-油束夹角-涡流比-喉口直径-凸台高度-凹坑半径)对应的指示功率为63.40 k W,比原机仿真值高15%;以NOX排放为评价指标时,参数组合0.30 mm-24°CA-140°-0.4-135 mm-6.6 mm-14 mm(喷孔直径-喷油提前角-油束夹角-涡流比-喉口直径-凸台高度-凹坑半径)对应的NOX排放质量分数为0.015 7%,比原机仿真值低30.2%。     

A stochastic model of traffic flow: Theoretical foundations

In a variety of applications of traffic flow, including traffic simulation, real-time estimation and prediction, one requires a probabilistic model of traffic flow. The usual approach to constructing such models involves the addition of random noise terms to deterministic equations, which could lead to negative traffic densities and mean dynamics that are inconsistent with the original deterministic dynamics. This paper offers a new stochastic model of traffic flow that addresses these issues. The source of randomness in the proposed model is the uncertainty inherent in driver gap choice, which is represented by random state dependent vehicle time headways. A wide range of time headway distributions is allowed. From the random time headways, counting processes are defined, which represent cumulative flows across cell boundaries in a discrete space and continuous time conservation framework. We show that our construction implicitly ensures non-negativity of traffic densities and that the fluid limit of the stochastic model is consistent with cell transmission model (CTM) based deterministic dynamics.     

The effectiveness of a European speed limit versus an international bunker-levy to reduce CO2 emissions from container shipping

In the fight to reduce CO₂ emissions from international shipping, a bunker-levy is currently under consideration at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Faced with the inability of the IMO to reach an agreement in the short term, the European Commission is now contemplating a unilateral measure of a speed limit for all ships entering European Union (EU) ports. This paper argues that this measure is counterproductive for two reasons. Firstly, because it may ultimately generate more emissions and incur a cost per ton of CO₂ which is more than society is willing to pay. Secondly, because it is sub-optimal compared to results obtained if an international bunker-levy was to be implemented. These elements are illustrated using two direct transatlantic services operated in 2010.     

涌浪条件下斜坡式防波堤堤脚块石稳定性

海外港口工程大部分位于以涌浪为主的海域,防波堤在涌浪作用下的稳定性尚未得到全面认识。对于斜坡堤,除了护面对其稳定性至关重要外,堤脚对其稳定性也很重要。以某一具体港口防波堤工程为例,通过波浪断面和局部整体物理模型试验,对涌浪作用下斜坡堤堤脚块石的稳定性进行了研究。根据试验结果,对比正向和斜向波浪作用下斜坡堤堤脚块石的稳定性结果,重点分析了斜向波浪作用下斜坡堤堤头圆弧段堤脚块石发生破坏的原因及其随入射波浪周期和水位的变化关系,并对原方案堤脚进行了优化。     

Modeling the Car-Truck Interaction in a System-Optimal Dynamic Traffic Assignment Model

Several transportation problems, such as implementation of truck-only lanes, require understanding the interaction of heterogeneous dynamic traffic flows in order to provide accurate solutions. System-optimal dynamic traffic assignment can be modeled using a network loading procedure based on the cell transmission model, that is, the hydrodynamic wave model, and solved by linear programming. However, this framework cannot handle the asymmetric integration between the flow of trucks and cars. This article presents a novel formulation for network loading in system-optimal dynamic traffic assignment considering car–truck interactions. By using an embedded cell transmission model, this formulation incorporates a set of assumptions related to the kinematic characteristics of the flow of cars, trucks, and their interactions that can be solved using linear programming. We present numerical results supporting our modeling assumptions. Likewise, the observed emergent behavior captures the car–truck interactions accurately and indicates that minimum system-optimal travel time is obtained by encouraging cars to use highways with shorter distances.     

CTCS-2级列控车载设备机车信号故障分析探讨

概述CTCS-2级列控车载设备机车信号的工作原理,通过具体案例分析无法接收机车信号信息的原因,详细阐述故障处理的方法,归纳总结故障处置流程。     

从淘宝网看我国C2C的发展

电子商务已成为一种主流购物方式,而以淘宝网为代表的C2C市场也呈现一片发展的大好势头,免费牌、支付工具等使得我国C2C市场茁壮成长,但是物流、诚信问题等依然存在。只有给客户提供良好的购物环境的网站,才能赢得客户和C2C市场。     

4Cr14Ni14W2Mo气门锻造裂纹控制

以150系列大功率高速柴油机气门电热镦模锻为研究对象,分析和研究了4Cr14Ni14W2Mo合金钢气门电热镦锻造裂纹产生的原因和机理,提出了减少其锻造裂纹缺陷的方法。     

TJ376Q二气门汽油机准均质稀混合气燃烧实验研究

本文对夏利TJ376Q汽油机进气系统进行了改造，大大提高了涡流和滚流比，强化空气运动的结果有利于组织燃料在缸内的浓度分布，从而为在二气门汽油机上实现稀燃烧打下基础；原发动机油器式供油系统被改为电控气道内燃油喷射系统。在此基础上，采用了两次燃油喷射技术。通过对这两次喷油时刻、喷油量的分别调节，在缸内形成精细分层的混合气即所谓准均质混合气，从而优化了油耗和排放指标，成功地在产品二气门汽油机上实现了稀薄燃烧。     

船舶焊接CO2气体保护单面焊气孔成因探讨

ＣＯ２气体保护半自动单面焊用于船舶焊接，提高了焊接质量，减轻了焊工的劳动强度，半缩短了造船周期。但是单面焊打底层焊缝中出现的沿焊缝柱状晶结晶方向的柱状气孔，严重地影响着船舶焊接质量。