公路几何设计与交通安全

论述了公路几何设计对交通安全的重要性,从平面、纵断面、横断面、平纵横组合及视距等方面对安全做了分别阐述。     

智能汽车横纵向运动控制方法综述

在我国随着人民生活水平的提高,车辆保有量也在呈倍速增长,进而引起了大量的交通安全问题,其中由驾驶员操作不当引起的交通事故约占所有交通事故的75%。而汽车的智能化发展可以很好地解决此类交通安全问题。智能汽车的核心技术主要包括环境感知、行为决策及运动控制三方面。其中运动控制作为智能汽车核心技术之一,有着重要的研究意义。智能汽车的运动控制包括横向控制和纵向控制两部分,对汽车横、纵向运动控制中的多种方法进行了分析介绍,包括模型预测控制、模糊逻辑控制、神经网络的自适应滑膜控制、直接式控制和分层式控制;同时介绍了横纵向耦合实现运动控制的重要性,并分析了其研究现状;最后,对智能汽车运动控制的后续发展方向进行了展望,有助于智能汽车运动控制的进一步优化发展。     

鳍参数对某型SWATH船纵向运动稳定性的影响分析

小水线面双体船的控制鳍对其纵向运动稳定性影响较大。本文在SWATH船纵向运动稳定性判定的基础上,以某型SWATH船为例,分析了控制鳍的安装位置、鳍面积等参数变化对其不同航速时纵向运动稳定性的影响。分析结果对SWATH船控制鳍的设计使用具有一定的参考。     

城市隧道纵向通风延迟效应的机理研究及影响因素分析

纵向隧道通风动态过程现场试验结果表明,当改变隧道射流风机的运行状态后,隧道风速需要较长的时间才能达到稳定状态,即纵向通风隧道存在延迟效应。通过理论公式推导得出的隧道流场在风机调控下的动态响应公式,可用来预测隧道延迟效应的强弱,其理论计算结果与现场实测数据吻合良好。参数化研究发现:在相同初始速度下,开启射流风机数量越多,隧道风速达到稳定的时间越短;关停射流风机数量越多,隧道风速达到稳定的时间越长。在启停相同数量射流风机的条件下,初始速度越小,隧道风速达到稳定的时间越长;隧道越长、截面积越大、隧道壁面越光滑,稳定时间越长,通风延迟效应越显著。     

Do changes in neighborhood characteristics lead to changes in travel behavior? A structural equations modeling approach

Suburban sprawl has been widely criticized for its contribution to auto dependence. Numerous studies have found that residents in suburban neighborhoods drive more and walk less than their counterparts in traditional environments. However, most studies confirm only an association between the built environment and travel behavior, and have yet to establish the predominant underlying causal link: whether neighborhood design independently influences travel behavior or whether preferences for travel options affect residential choice. That is, residential self-selection may be at work. A few studies have recently addressed the influence of self-selection. However, our understanding of the causality issue is still immature. To address this issue, this study took into account individuals’ self-selection by employing a quasi-longitudinal design and by controlling for residential preferences and travel attitudes. In particular, using data collected from 547 movers currently living in four traditional neighborhoods and four suburban neighborhoods in Northern California, we developed a structural equations model to investigate the relationships among changes in the built environment, changes in auto ownership, and changes in travel behavior. The results provide some encouragement that land-use policies designed to put residents closer to destinations and provide them with alternative transportation options will actually lead to less driving and more walking.

四冲程发动机活塞裙部纵向型线的设计

活塞裙部采用圆弧型线,设计简单,靠模容易制造,加工精度高,检测方便。设计时应注意:有些活塞原裙部上留有斜回油孔,用本方法设计裙部型线时,可取消斜回油孔,保留环状缺口; 由于采用流体动力润滑,活塞裙部表面应尽可能光滑;活塞裙部需有一定刚度;考虑到裙部会发生变形,使实际的“油楔”变小,设计时θ_1和θ_2应在推荐范围内取值,可取中上限值,然后再分别求出R_1 和R_2,△h_1和△h_2。     

现役散货船纵向构件蚀耗率的概率估算

该文以现役散货船测厚报告的数据料为基础,设船体纵向件的蚀耗率为服从威布尔分布的随顶变量,对其数字特征进行估算,并以其频率近似概率,给出了各构件蚀耗率的概率密度曲线、概率率分布曲线及超概率分布曲线。结合参考文献提供的数据,计算出了外板和内底板蚀耗率的均值随船龄变化曲线,从而为船体结构的强度评估和寿命预测提供了有益的参考依据。     

A hybrid controller for autonomous vehicles driving on automated highways

This paper addresses the problem of the hybrid control of autonomous vehicles driving on automated highways. Vehicles are autonomous, so they do not communicate with each other nor with the infrastructure. Two problems have to be dealt with: a vehicle driving in a single-lane highway must never collide with its leading vehicle; and a vehicle entering the highway at a designated entry junction must be able to merge from the merging lane to the main lane, again without any collision. To solve these problems, we equip each vehicle with a hybrid controller, consisting of several continuous control laws embedded inside a finite state automaton. The automaton specifies when a given vehicle must enter the highway, merge into the main lane, yield to other vehicles, exit from the highway, and so on. The continuous control laws specify what acceleration the vehicle must have in order to avoid collisions with nearby vehicles. By carefully designing these control laws and the conditions guarding the automaton transitions, we are able to demonstrate three important results. First, we state the initial conditions guaranteeing that a following vehicle never collides with its leading vehicle. Second, we extend this first result to a lane of autonomous vehicles. Third, we prove that if all the vehicles are equipped with our hybrid controller, then no collision can ever occur, and all vehicles either merge successfully or are forced to drop out when they reach the end of their merging lane. Finally, we show the outcome of a highway microsimulation modelled after the Katy Corridor near Houston, Texas: our single-lane highway can accommodate 4000 vehicles per hour with neither drop-outs nor traffic congestion. It is entirely programmed in SHIFT, a hybrid systems simulation language developed at UC Berkeley by the PATH group. This shows that SHIFT is a well suited language for designing safe control laws for autonomous highway systems, among others.     

重载铁路非等跨简支梁桥上无缝线路纵向力研究

为研究重载铁路非等跨简支梁桥上无缝线路纵向力的分布规律,建立6-32 m+40 m+6-32 m(30 t轴重)重载铁路简支T梁与轨道相互作用有限元模型,与13-32 m简支梁桥相对比,研究温度、竖向活载、列车制动及地震作用下系统的受力和变形特征,探讨非等跨简支梁(40 m简支梁)对系统的影响规律。研究表明,各类荷载作用下,钢轨应力峰值多集中在各简支梁相接处及跨中位置;地震作用下,钢轨和墩底承受着极大的纵向力;非等跨简支梁桥对伸缩力和挠曲力影响较大,将使钢轨伸缩拉应力增大70%、钢轨挠曲应力增大50%、部分桥墩墩顶挠曲力增大50%;非等跨简支梁桥对制动力和地震力影响较小。     

货车装载工况对车辆通过小半径曲线时的垂向平稳性影响

将货物、车体和摇枕作为1个系统,基于弹簧悬挂装置垂向受力的变化,提出货车垂向平稳性评价指标。运用建立的货车在曲线上运行时的垂向平稳性模型,以C64k敞车为例,研究4种典型装载工况下重车重心高、货物重心横向和纵向偏移量与货车通过小半径曲线时垂向平稳性的关系。研究表明:用作用在每个弹簧悬挂装置的垂向载荷变化判定货车运行的垂向平稳性,可更直观描述货车装载工况对车辆垂向平稳性的影响;对货车的垂向平稳性影响以货物重心的纵向偏移量最大,而重车重心高度的影响最小;计算结果为确定合理的重车重心高度以及货物重心横、纵向偏移量的限制值提供了科学依据。