浅议黑车的治理

近年来,道路运输市场上的黑车有泛滥之势,虽然管理部门加大了市场监管力度,但是效果不甚理想。笔者就黑车产生的原因、黑车的危害以及如何治理黑车谈了一些粗浅的看法。     

Robust supply vessel routing and scheduling

We solve the problem of tactical supply vessel planning arising in the upstream offshore petroleum logistics. Supply vessels deliver all the necessary materials and equipment to offshore installations from an onshore supply base according to a delivery schedule. The planning of supply vessels should be done so that their number is minimized and at the same time provide a reliable flow of supplies from the base. The execution of a weekly sailing plan is affected by weather conditions, especially in winter time. Harsh weather conditions increase the number of vessels required to perform the operations as well as the service times at the installations, and thus disrupt the schedule, leading to additional costs and reduced service level. We present a methodology for robust supply vessel planning enabling a trade-off analysis to be made between the schedules’ service level and vessels’ cost. The methodology involves the generation of multiple vessel schedules with different level of robustness using an adaptive large neighbourhood search metaheuristic and a subsequent discrete event simulation procedure for the assessment of the service level. To control the level of robustness we developed a concept of slacks and incorporated it into the metaheuristic algorithm.     

Estimating the environmental costs of port related emissions: The case of Kaohsiung

This study estimates the emission costs of ships and trucks in the Port of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, focusing mainly on particular matter and volatile organic compounds. By calculating annual ship and truck emissions we find that the major contributors are tankers, container ships and bulk ships and trucks. Using a bottom-up methodology, the combined environmental costs of ships and trucks are estimated to be over $123 million per year.     

Container vessel fleet deployment for liner shipping with stochastic dependencies in shipping demand

The problem of optimal container vessels deployment is one of great significance for the liner shipping industry. Although the pioneering work on this problem dates back to the early 1990s, only until recently have researchers started to acknowledge and account for the significant amount of uncertainty present in shipping demand in real world container shipping. In this paper, new analytical results are presented to further relax the input requirements for this problem. Specifically, only the mean and variance of the maximum shipping demand are required to be known. An optional symmetry assumption is shown to further reduce the feasible region and deployment cost for typical confidence levels. Moreover, unlike previous work that tends to ignore stochastic dependencies between the shipping demands on the various routes (that are known to exist in the real world), our models account for such dependencies in the most general setting to date. A salient feature of our modeling approach is that the exact dependence structure does not need to be specified, something that is hard, if not simply impossible, to determine in practice. A numerical case study is provided to illustrate the proposed models.     

Maritime routing and speed optimization with emission control areas

Strict limits on the maximum sulphur content in fuel used by ships have recently been imposed in some Emission Control Areas (ECAs). In order to comply with these regulations many ship operators will switch to more expensive low-sulphur fuel when sailing inside ECAs. Since they are concerned about minimizing their costs, it is likely that speed and routing decisions will change because of this. In this paper, we develop an optimization model to be applied by ship operators for determining sailing paths and speeds that minimize operating costs for a ship along a given sequence of ports. We perform a computational study on a number of realistic shipping routes in order to evaluate possible impacts on sailing paths and speeds, and hence fuel consumption and costs, from the ECA regulations. Moreover, the aim is to examine the implications for the society with regards to environmental effects. Comparisons of cases show that a likely effect of the regulations is that ship operators will often choose to sail longer distances to avoid sailing time within ECAs. Another effect is that they will sail at lower speeds within and higher speeds outside the ECAs in order to use less of the more expensive fuel. On some shipping routes, this might give a considerable increase in the total amount of fuel consumed and the CO₂ emissions.     

强降雨条件下非饱和粉土雨水渗透规律研究

由雨水渗透规律计算得到的雨水渗透体积是判断非饱和土粉土强度受降雨扰动的主要参数.提供一种强降雨条件下非饱和粉土雨水渗透规律的计算方法,可以根据降雨条件与土体性质预测非饱和粉土在降雨渗透过程中雨水渗透率随时间的变化规律.该方法通过扩展已有非饱和土渗透模型建立降雨渗透计算模型.在经典Green-Ampt模型基础上,根据土体...     

长下坡路段货车毂式制动器摩擦衬片温升规律

以福建省龙岩G319典型事故黑点中心坑路段和小池岭路段为试验路段, 设计了长下坡路段货车毂式制动器摩擦衬片温升规律实车试验方案。基于试验数据, 结合有限元方法, 分析了货车毂式制动器摩擦衬片在不同车辆载质量、制动方式和降温方式下的升温规律。试验结果表明: 下坡时制动器摩擦衬片温度随制动行为的实施呈波动式增长; 车辆总质量、摩擦衬片的使用性能和道路线形组合是影响摩擦衬片温度变化的重要因素; 采用发动机挂低档制动与淋水制动能有效地减缓摩擦衬片温度的增长, 实车制动行为与实际道路路况和线形组合关系密切, 简单状态下的制动器有限元温度场模拟结果与实车试验结果相差较大。     

基于能量守恒原理的公路线形安全性评价

为了评价平纵线形对山区高等级公路安全性的影响, 根据能量守恒原理, 分析了汽车在下坡路段行驶过程中, 纵坡坡度、纵坡坡长及平曲线半径对汽车制动系统温度升高的影响。以某山区高速公路下坡路段为例, 研究了公路线形与事故发生率的关系。分析结果表明: 汽车稳定车速行驶的临界坡度会随传动比和车速的升高而增大; 公路的安全性会随平均纵坡坡度和坡长乘积的增加而降低; 较小的平曲线半径将有利于提高汽车发动机辅助制动的效能, 有利于公路安全性的提高; 较大的平曲线半径方差将会增加汽车行车制动器的使用频率, 降低公路的安全性。     

高速公路单车掉线事故一般规律分析

着重选择渝黔高速(重庆—贵州)重庆段、渝涪高速(重庆—涪陵)、成渝高速(重庆-成都)重庆段为研究对象,统计分析了2005年—2006年共计746起单车掉线事故(ROR)资料,从事故发生数量、事故分布形态、事故发生时段、事故涉及车型以及事故路段分布5个方面探讨了高速公路ROR事故的一般规律,提出了在高速公路上大规模实施路侧振动带的必要性和紧迫性;同时对高速公路ROR事故的安全管理以及路侧振动带的类型选择、设置位置提出了建议。     

地铁车辆段咽喉区上盖建筑振动传播规律

以深圳某带上盖建筑地铁车辆段为工程依托,现场实测了咽喉区列车走行不同线路时,地面层、平台转换层和上盖4层钢框架结构的振动加速度响应,分析了咽喉区列车运行引起的环境和结构振动传播规律。研究结果表明：由于土-结构的动力相互作用,车致振动在从地基土向基础结构的传播过程中存在能量损失,实测结构基底加速度幅值较邻近地面加速度幅值显著减小;车致振动在从地基土向结构的传播过程中,50 Hz以上高频分量衰减更为迅速,土-结构耦合损失最高可达27~34 dB,因此,基于子结构法,采用基底输入预测地铁车辆段上盖建筑车致振动响应时,应考虑土-结构耦合损失的影响,宜采用平台立柱基底振动作为模型振动输入;上盖平台与转换层的结构设计能够在一定程度上减弱车致振动的向上传播,加速度级衰减幅度为3~6 dB;车致振动以轴向波的形式通过平台立柱向上传播,并以弯曲波的形式通过转换梁和楼板水平扩散,振动能量有多条传播路径传至上盖建筑并进行叠加,平台转换层各测点振动差异在8 dB以内;上盖建筑层间的振动传播规律取决于梁和楼板与竖向承重结构的阻抗比,增大梁或楼板的阻抗有助于减弱振动的向上传播;该上盖4层钢框架结构实测车致振动频率存在3个峰值,分别为6.3、12.5和40.0 Hz,其与结构固有频率和激励动力特性有关。