控制车用汽油机排气污染的催化技术及其发展

环保法规的日益严格进行了汽车尾气催化转化的发展。介绍了催化技术和催化剂载体近４０年的发展历程,综述了稀燃条件下国内外的催化技术特点,。指出开展稀燃条件下催化转器的研制必将对汽油机稀燃及其低排放技术磁生巨大的推动作用。     

对二次空气改善车用汽油机排气净化效果的研究

在车用汽油机排气中CO和HC生成与热反应净化机理研究的基础上 ,通过试验探讨了二次空气对提高车用汽油机排气热反应净化效果的影响。研究结果表明 ,在发动机高速大负荷工况下 ,足量的二次空气能使CO和HC的排放浓度大幅度降低 ,而在发动机中等转速中小负荷工况下 ,由于排气温度低 ,二次空气对热反应净化效果影响不大     

中国民用航空网络的中心-外围模式

民用航空网络是航空运输的重要载体.航空运输网络的发展状态决定着民用航空的根本运行效率.本文以中国民用航空网络为研究对象,应用中心-外围理论,对中国民用航空网络的整体结构布局进行了研究.发现中国民用航空网络存在典型的中心-外围模式,中心节点分别是北京、上海、广州,外围节点对中心节点存在距离依赖,且对北京节点的距离依赖最强.中心节点的正影响距离约在500–555 km范围处,其整体影响距离呈现“∽型”变动趋势,可以看作是中国民用航空网络的“脊背”.同时,地区教育水平、经济发展、总人口数量均对节点发展产生正向影响,地理面积和固定资产投资水平对节点发展存在负影响.各节点发展程度还随着年份的递增而增加.     

基于数据驱动的机场水泥混凝土道面性能退化预测

针对机场道面性能退化过程的精确预测问题,本文采用数据驱动的机场道面预测性维护方法,通过指示变量将两种数据集进行联合分析,考虑机场道面性能退化过程受飞行交通量和道面面层厚度的影响,以机场道面性能状况指数衰变的非线性函数为期望函数,建立一种机场道面性能退化双参数预测模型;根据模型的参数估计结果,采用边际效应分析结合预测性能曲线图示,对不同飞行交通量水平和不同道面厚度等级的道面性能退化过程预测进行分析。结果表明,采用数据驱动和非线性混合效应方法,搭载联合估计技术,能较为显著地提高机场道面性能退化预测的精度和效果。     

扇区空中交通风险态势网络建模与演化特征

为了准确感知空域内空中交通运行态势,提升飞行运行效能,研究了扇区空中交通风险态势的网络建模方法和演化特征,基于实测数据验证了方法的可行性与有效性;在扇区内以活跃航空器为网络节点,依据航空器位置偏差下的冲突关系构建连边,建立空中交通风险态势网络,利用连通分量的概念定义并识别网络内的航空器集群;基于航空器集群特征构建状态向量,进一步划分空中交通风险态势模式;以分类后的态势等级时序为基础,针对各模式的样本进行持续时间分析及建模,讨论了单一态势模式的生存特性与多模式间转移行为的偏好水平;为了验证方法的有效性,以广州管制AR05号扇区的实际数据为样本展开分析。研究结果表明：低风险至高风险模式的生存特性差异明显,平均生存周期分别为82.49、118.11、75.77、90.51 s,中等风险模式是估计生命周期最长且生存率最高的模式;在模式迁移的过程中,集群数目与规模相对简单的风险模式主要表现为前向可达性较高,而回迁及跃迁概率低于0.05;复杂程度较高的风险模式则表现出了较为明显的回迁行为,且概率会随着时间步长的增加(30、60、90、120 s)逐渐趋于稳定。可见,建立的空中交通风险态势网络模型能够较好反映空中交通风险态势信息,提出的演化分析方法可以为空中交通运行提供有益参考,从而发掘空中交通演变的科学规律。     

丹东地区及港口船舶防污问题探讨

随着丹东地区经济的快速发展,丹东地区渔船、游船、货船的船舶数量也随着增加,而船舶污染也随之严重起来。报告了丹东港口船舶污染问题的现状,对船舶不正当排放的污染源及船舶污染的特点进行调查,最后对船舶污染的治理提出建议。     

Air pollution history elucidated from anthropogenic spherules and their magnetic signatures in marine sediments offshore of Southwestern Taiwan

Kaohsiung City and its neighborhood in the southwestern coastal plain of Taiwan have suffered serious air pollution since the region became the largest center for heavy-industry on the island. In order to unravel the air pollution history of the region, four ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment box cores recovered in 2006 from offshore of this area were chosen for magnetic and petrographic analyses. The data were used to distinguish changes in concentration, composition and grain size of magnetic particles in the sediments due to inputs of anthropogenic magnetic spherules. Sedimentation rates have been reasonably constant for the last one hundred years, except at the core tops which were affected by a turbidite layer induced by a typhoon in 2005. Down-core profiles of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) are similar among the cores, and reflect similar trends to magnetic spherule counts. This reveals that χ and SIRM of modern marine sediments can be used as air pollution indicators for nearby industrialized upwind areas. The studied record indicates that industrialization of the area was gradual during 1950–1980 and boomed afterward, resulting in a high production of airborne magnetic spherules, which is consistent with evidence for poor air quality at that time. Optical and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) surveys of magnetic extracts indicate that the magnetic spherules have grain sizes ranging from a few micrometers up to 50 μm and consist mainly of iron oxides with variable Si, Al, and Ca contents. X-ray diffraction analysis on magnetic extracts from different depths in the cores further indicates that magnetite and pyrrhotite, which are derived from terrigenous detritus, form the magnetic constituents of the sediments before the area was industrialized. In contrast, during the industrial boom, anthropogenic magnetite and hematite spherules became the dominant magnetic particles in the sediments. Down-core profiles of hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) below the turbidite layer also reveal similar trends to the corresponding magnetic spherule counts, which indicate that the concentration of hematite in the sediments is also closely related to the extent of air pollution. In addition, relatively low values of χ_ARM/χ, which are indicative of coarse magnetic grains, started to occur when large magnetite spherules became significant during the industrialized period. The air pollution history elucidated from our sediment core data not only reflects the development of Kaohsiung from a small village to a highly industrialized metropolitan area in the 20th century, but it is also consistent with the most recent air pollution trends revealed by real time air quality measurements of PM₁₀. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of magnetic parameters for delineating the air pollution history of coastal marine sediments down-wind of nearby industrialized regions.     

The effectiveness of a European speed limit versus an international bunker-levy to reduce CO2 emissions from container shipping

In the fight to reduce CO₂ emissions from international shipping, a bunker-levy is currently under consideration at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Faced with the inability of the IMO to reach an agreement in the short term, the European Commission is now contemplating a unilateral measure of a speed limit for all ships entering European Union (EU) ports. This paper argues that this measure is counterproductive for two reasons. Firstly, because it may ultimately generate more emissions and incur a cost per ton of CO₂ which is more than society is willing to pay. Secondly, because it is sub-optimal compared to results obtained if an international bunker-levy was to be implemented. These elements are illustrated using two direct transatlantic services operated in 2010.     

Evaluating the effects of green port policy: Case study of Kaohsiung harbor in Taiwan

The paper evaluates the effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce these pollutants in port areas, based on a newly developed assessment model to calculate emissions. The case study found that the strategy of reducing the ship’s speed to 12 knots is most effective in cutting fuel consumption and costs, as well as emissions. Adopting an onshore power supply system could reduce CO₂ emission by 57.16% and PM by 39.4%. By adopting the strategies of both reduced speed and cold ironing emissions control, a reduction in emissions of 71% to 91% can be achieved with a 20 nautical mile reduced speed zone. Therefore, the goals of reductions in emissions to improve port areas air quality could be achieved through adopting a green port policy in the future.     

无谐波异步电动机软启动器的设计

文章介绍了一种以AT89C51单片机为主控核心器件,运用双向可控硅过零触发的PWM技术,实现异步电动机电源的调压控制的软起动器,它既可达到软起动器控制电动机起动电流的目的,又克服了一般软起动器易产生谐波污染的缺陷,有一定的实用推广价值。