The desulphurisation of shipping: Past,present and the future under a global cap

As from January 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is implementing a global 0.5% limit on the sulphur content of fuel, commonly known as the global sulphur cap. This limit is the latest policy in the efforts to reduce sulphur emissions from shipping, following the designation of emission control areas (ECAs) and other regional regulations. In this paper, a literature review is conducted of academic studies that have dealt with issues relating to the reduction of maritime sulphur emissions. Various recurring research themes are identified, spanning the areas of operations research, maritime economics and transport policy. The effects and implications of available compliance options are then analyzed from the perspectives of ship operators, shippers and consumers. Using lessons learned from the enforcement of ECA regulations, this is followed by an appraisal of various potential issues related to the enforcement of these new global regulations. It is found that a homogeneous enforcement regime is required to ensure a level playing field amongst ship operators and that the global sulphur cap may lead to serious market distortion, due to the potential short term rise of fuel prices. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research on sulphur emissions from shipping in the aftermath of the global cap and, looking forward, to its relationship to the IMO strategy on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) shipping emissions.     

新时期航海类专业学生教育与管理的探讨

航海类专业学生教育与管理的成效，关系到我国航海事业的发展．对航海职业特点和新时期航海类专业学生的特点进行了分析，提出了航海类专业学生教育与管理的目标，同时就目标的实现途径和保证方面进行了探讨．     

关于构建海上医疗救助制度的探讨

文中通过分析海上医疗救助与海上人命救助的区别,指出建立海上医疗救助制度的意义,并对建立此制度的途径进行了有益的探讨。     

基于虚拟应力场法的船舶避让与控制

为了实现船舶在航道内的避障,应用虚拟力场法建立了避障模型,描述了目标点的虚拟引力和障碍物的虚拟斥力之间的关系及其功能设计,实现了从船舶运动坐标值到控制量的转变,结果证明．船舶能够在多变的周边环境中实现避障功能。     

班轮公会的衰落及航运联盟的发展

定期船经营出现以来的100多年时间中,班轮公会在维护航运秩序中发挥了重要作用。随着航运生产技术、运输组织技术、航运竞争方式的变革和进步,班轮公会已结束其历史使命,被新的竞争形式所取代,于20世纪末退出历史舞台,取而代之的是航运联盟、航运公司的合并与兼并等。     

我国国际航运业体制改革的初步思考

体制改革是我国国际航运业摆脱困境,进一步市场化和国际化的必由之路。航运企业的体制改革必须建立现代企业制度,真正实现产权明晰、责权分明、政企分开、管理科学的管理模式,必须进一步加强管理,改善服务,实现企业的体制创新和制度创新;加强企业经营机制的转变,加速市场化和国际化进程,以适应国际航运市场的运作惯例和竞争环境。     

集装箱运输的发展及我国航运公司的发展策略

介绍了近几年国际集装箱班轮市场的发展情况及所呈现的趋势;然后分析了我国的集装箱班轮公司在国际海运市场竞争中的优劣;最后为我国航运企业的发展提出了几点建议。     

鱼梁航运枢纽鱼道及鱼类增殖保护站设计浅述

航运枢纽的建设对鱼类生态环境及鱼类资源影响较大,为减缓工程对鱼类的不利影响,文章通过综合分析,提出采取修建过鱼设施和建立增殖保护站、开展人工增殖放流为主要鱼类保护措施,并结合鱼梁枢纽工程,对鱼道结构及布置、增殖保护站布置及生产方式等设计进行介绍。     

The effectiveness of a European speed limit versus an international bunker-levy to reduce CO2 emissions from container shipping

In the fight to reduce CO₂ emissions from international shipping, a bunker-levy is currently under consideration at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Faced with the inability of the IMO to reach an agreement in the short term, the European Commission is now contemplating a unilateral measure of a speed limit for all ships entering European Union (EU) ports. This paper argues that this measure is counterproductive for two reasons. Firstly, because it may ultimately generate more emissions and incur a cost per ton of CO₂ which is more than society is willing to pay. Secondly, because it is sub-optimal compared to results obtained if an international bunker-levy was to be implemented. These elements are illustrated using two direct transatlantic services operated in 2010.     

An operational activity-based method to estimate CO2 emissions from container shipping considering empty container repositioning

This paper develops an operational activity-based method to estimate CO₂ emissions from container shipping in contrasts to the traditional aggregated activity-based method. Two case studies investigate the impacts of empty container repositioning policies and port handling capacity on CO₂ emission index. The results show that the aggregated method could well overestimate CO₂ emissions and the operational activity-based method is more appropriate. The paper also demonstrates that high port-handling capacity and efficient empty container repositioning could reduce CO₂ emissions in seaborne container transportation.