山区高等级公路选线的几点认识

根据山岭区的特点提出了对山岭区高等级公路选线的几点认识,总结了在山区高等级公路选线过程中应注重的几个问题。     

A field evaluation case study of the environmental and energy impacts of traffic calming

This study quantifies the energy and environmental impact of a selection of traffic calming measures using a combination of second-by-second floating-car global positioning system data and microscopic energy and emission models. It finds that traffic calming may result in negative impacts on vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates if drivers exert aggressive acceleration levels to speed up to their journeys. Consequently by eliminating sharp acceleration maneuvers significant savings in vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates are achievable through driver education. The study also demonstrates that high emitting vehicles produce CO emissions that are up to 25 times higher than normal vehicle emission levels while low emitting vehicles produce emissions that are 15–35% of normal vehicles. The relative increases in vehicle fuel consumption and emission levels associated with the sample traffic calming measures are consistent and similar for normal, low, and high emitting vehicles.     

VMT, energy consumption, and GHG emissions forecasting for passenger transportation

Globalization, greenhouse gas emissions and energy concerns, emerging vehicle technologies, and improved statistical modeling capabilities make the present moment an opportune time to revisit aggregate vehicle miles traveled (VMT), energy consumption, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions forecasting for passenger transportation. Using panel data for the 48 continental states during the period 1998-2008, the authors develop simultaneous equation models for predicting VMT on different road functional classes and examine how different technological solutions and changes in fuel prices can affect passenger VMT. Moreover, a random coefficient panel data model is developed to estimate the influence of various factors (such as demographics, socioeconomic variables, fuel tax, and capacity) on the total amount of passenger VMT in the United States. To assess the influence of each significant factor on VMT, elasticities are estimated. Further, the authors investigate the effect of different policies governing fuel tax and population density on future energy consumption and GHG emissions. The presented methodology and estimation results can assist transportation planners and policy-makers in determining future energy and transportation infrastructure investment needs.     

铁路隧道下穿既有公路地层变形特性研究

文章结合张唐铁路工程燕山隧道下穿公路出口段,采用三维有限差分程序,研究分析了其施工过程中的地层变形特性、力学响应、能量积聚及塑性区分布特征.研究结果表明:公路最大沉降量小于规范要求,围岩竖向最大变形为20 mm,水平变形为16 mm;掌子面前方挤出变形明显,最大值为38 mm;边墙能量密度集中现象较显著,位于距洞壁5 m深部围岩处;掌子面前方6 m左右围岩处出现能量积聚,为掌子面稳定关键部位:塑性区主要集中在掌子面前方、拱肩、边墙及墙脚.为此,建议对掌子面进行预加固,保证墙脚和拱肩部位配筋,提高结构整体稳定性.     

Adapting without Retreating: Responses to Shoreline Change on an Inlet-Associated Coastal Beach

Coastal barrier systems around the world are experiencing higher rates of flooding and shoreline erosion. Property owners on barriers have made significant financial investments in physical protections that shield their nearby properties from these hazards, constituting a type of adaptation to shoreline change. Factors that contribute to adaptation on Plum Island, a developed beach and dune system on the North Shore of Massachusetts, are investigated here. Plum Island experiences patterns of shoreline change that may be representative of many inlet-associated beaches, encompassing an equivocal and dynamically shifting mix of erosion and accretion. In the face of episodic floods and fleeting erosive events, and driven by a combination of strong northeast storms and cycles of erosion and accretion, the value of the average Plum Island residence increases by 34% for properties on the oceanfront where protection comprises a publicly constructed soft structure. Even in the face of state policies that ostensibly discourage physical protection as a means of adaptation, coastal communities face significant political and financial pressures to maintain existing protective structures or to allow contiguous groups of property owners to build new ones through collective action. These factors mitigate against adapting to shoreline change by retreating from the coast, thereby potentially increasing the adverse effects of coastal hazards.     

The Dependency of People on the Great Barrier Reef,Australia

Understanding how people are dependent on Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs) is important for understanding how people might be sensitive to changes that affect these seascapes. We review how resource dependency is conceptualized and propose that it be broadened to include cultural values such as pride in resource status, scientific heritage, appreciation of aesthetics, biodiversity, and lifestyle opportunities. We provide an overview of how local residents (n = 3,181 face-to-face surveys), commercial fishers (n = 210, telephone surveys), and tourism operators (n = 119 telephone surveys) are potentially dependent on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), a region currently experiencing significant environmental, social, and economic change. We found that commercial fishers and tourism operators were dependent not only financially on the GBR, but also because of their age, years in the industry and region, lack of education, and the number of dependents. These stakeholders lacked flexibility to secure alternative employment. All stakeholder groups, regardless of economic imperatives, were dependent on the GBR because of their cultural connections. We propose that resource dependency also provides an umbrella concept to describe the cultural services provided by an ecosystem, which can be described through place-based dependence and place-identity.     

基于两级温差发电的船舶废热回收试验研究

对于船舶柴油机而言,其所做功的30%都以废热的形式随尾气排放到了大气中。利用温差发电(TEG)技术回收船舶余热进行发电具有极其广阔的发展前景。因此提出了一种利用船舶柴油机尾气废热进行两级温差发电的新型装置。在对两级温差发电系统进行建模后,搭建了两级温差发电装置并进行了测试。理论分析和实验结果表明该装置利用温差发电技术对船舶余热回收是可行的。当热端温度达到473 K时,该温差发电实验装置可输出功率250 W,系统热效率为5.35％,相比单级TEG在相同条件下4.04％的热效率,该系统提高了32％。最后,对系统优化和装置的进一步改进进行了探讨。     

多沙河道中的泥沙治理

为解决多沙河道中淤积泥沙资源化利用困难和生态景观差的问题,以嘎斯汰河泥沙治理为例,分析水沙过程及河床演变规律,采用梯级跌水沉沙和景观坝相结合的方法治理泥沙,能够在洪水期上拦粗沙以资源化利用,下排细沙以改善淤积形态;在非洪水期中下段实现清水满槽,提高了植物成活率,对水生态系统的构建有重要意义,并为后续工程提供借鉴。     

环保疏浚土资源化利用途径

针对疏浚污染土的科学处置与资源化利用,指出当前疏浚污染土利用手段的不足之处,介绍疏浚土制备回填土、免烧建材型材、绿化土等资源化利用方式,进而从3个维度即岩性特征、营养盐及重金属等污染情况、有机质及盐分含量定性与定量相结合分析疏浚污染土资源化利用途径选择的依据,并据此对太湖与白洋淀疏浚土分别成功制备免烧砖和绿化土进行实证分析。结果表明,从上述3个维度判别环保疏浚土资源化利用途径是可行有效的。     

新能源汽车充电用户行为大数据分析及应用

随着新能源汽车行业快速发展,电动汽车充电功能及安全问题受到广泛关注。结合新能源汽车充电大数据可视化系统,从用户类型、车辆类型、充电方式、地域分布维度进行交叉分析,洞察用户充电行为统计分布规律;通过数据分析驱动充电安全设计,并结合数据资源和大数据分析技术,挖掘数据背后蕴藏的丰富价值,以改善当前新能源汽车充电问题和促进新能源汽车产业发展。