Inter-comparing five forecast operational systems in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean basins: The MERSEA-strand1 methodology

The methodology to achieve a real time inter-comparison of five state-of-the-art operational forecast systems for the North Atlantic and Mediterranean basins is presented. All systems provide analysis and near real-time prediction of the three-dimensional ocean through Opendap servers. A standard set of diagnostics called metrics, is described. Definition and examples of metrics are given. An inter-comparison of the five systems is conducted over a 1 year period using those metrics. It is shown that the methodology developed allows a successful inter-comparison. It has been adopted by the GODAE community. It is also shown that the systems are consistent with the current knowledge of the ocean circulation and climatologies. Systems are deficient in the representation of specific water masses characteristics as Mode waters. Data assimilation of vertical profiles of temperature and salinity solve such deficiencies. Metrics also allow a monitoring of the system's North Atlantic overturning stream function and will allow detecting any changes in the coming year system's thermohaline circulation.     

南京枢纽新建南京北动车所的必要性及整体布局方案研究

针对国内在新建高速铁路枢纽内,动车组配属及承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量、检修设施规模的测算结果中表现出的不统一、不协调及不匹配等问题,本文以新建南京枢纽南京北动车所工程项目为依托,研究确定枢纽内动车组配属规模设计、承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量及检修设施规模测算理论,提出了以全周转时间及日车公里法为指标的2种枢纽内动车组配属规模测算方法。研究表明：采用日车公里法测算,当枢纽内动车组平均日走行公里指标取常见经验计算值2 000 km时,在不考虑检修动车组数量前提下计算的运用动车组数量及备用动车组数量比全周转时间测算法计算结果偏大约41%,配属动车组数计算结果偏大约20%,动车组存车线数及检查库线数计算结果偏大约35%,计算枢纽内动车组配属、承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量及检修设施规模测算裕量较为充足。     

西延高速铁路引入西安北站方案研究

为充分利用西安北站的客运设施及运输功能,实现西延高铁在西安北站的始发、终到作业及跨线客车运输需求,连通延安与银川、成都、宝鸡等方向径路,增强枢纽运输组织灵活性,结合西安枢纽总图规划,根据西安至延安高铁线路走向,在引入西安枢纽方案中,对西延高铁引入西安北站方案进行详细研究。西安北站为西安枢纽内主要客运站之一,结合车站既有布置情况,为解决延安与成都、宝鸡方向开行跨线客车的需求,在设置延安至成都联络线基础上,分别研究新设延安至宝鸡下行联络线方案和西安北站咽喉区接轨改建方案,对不同方案进行分析比较,最终确定延安至成都下行联络线顺接大西下行场方案为可行推荐方案,并对延安与宝鸡方向的车流径路给出建议。西延高铁引入西安北站后,对于充分利用既有客运设施、实现不同方向客车交流以及方便城市旅客出行具有重要意义。     

北亚得里亚海集装箱港口群市场前景分析

欧洲发达市场是全球集装箱海运重要板块,对其市场发展潜力分析是中资企业参与欧洲集装箱港口投资的必要前提。集装箱港口市场发展潜力受多种因素影响,以腹地生产法进行市场预测是当前的主流方法,但该方法主要以外贸需求作为变量,存在片面性。针对当前海外港口集装箱市场分析中存在的问题,提出最优路径模型下港口集装箱市场规模预测,并以亚得里亚海北部港口群作为典型案例予以说明。分析表明,最优路径模型在大范围集装箱港口市场规模分析中具有较好的适应性,能够为投资决策提供参考。     

北美轨道交通市场PTC系统

对北美市场主动列车控制(positive train control,PTC)系统进行简要概述,包括市场背景介绍、系统需求和功能描述,通用系统架构定义等;另外,介绍目前的美国市场主流产品和供应商,重点介绍ACSES和I-ETMS两种产品以及不同的技术发展线路;基于美国轨道交通协议于2017年底发布的统计数据,介绍PTC系统目前的市场应用情况以及发展前景;最后,对比PTC、CBTC和ETCS不同的技术标准之间的差异和共同点,并参考主流商业产品提出产品商业化的思路。     

Intrusions of eastern North Atlantic central waters and phytoplankton in the north and northwestern Iberian shelf during spring

The influence of intrusions of eastern North Atlantic central water (ENACW) in the north and northwestern Iberian shelf on phytoplankton composition and abundance and on particle-size distributions of seston was analyzed using data collected on three extensive cruises during spring 1991 and 1992. Water with temperature and salinity values between 12.20 and 13.86 °C and between 35.66 and 35.98 psu, respectively, characteristics of the subtropical type of ENACW (ENACW_t), was detected in the upper 100 m of the water-column in all cruises, but particularly in the western coast in 1992. The highest salinity values of this water were found near the surface (0–100-m depth) and in early spring 1992, while minimum salinity values, and also minimum geographical extension, were found in late spring in both years. Phytoplankton blooms concentrated in frontal areas between different water types, with maximum intensity and extension in early spring.Using temperature and salinity characteristics, samples were classified in four groups corresponding to the major water types found in the region: Bay of Biscay central water (BBCW), two segments of ENACW of different salinity and surface water influenced by continental runoff. This classification was significantly confirmed by three independent discriminant analyses using hydrographic and chemical (dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll) variables, phytoplankton species abundance variables and particle-size concentration of seston variables. Phytoplankton blooms related to the presence of saline waters were characterized by the dominance of either chain-forming diatoms or a mixture of diatoms and phytoflagellates and high concentrations of seston. The diatom species dominating in saline waters were typical of upwelling-induced blooms occurring generally during summer. Blooms occurring in waters influenced by runoff also contained diatoms but in lower numbers than those of saline waters. Nutrients were not exhausted in the region, suggesting that phytoplankton populations were still in active growth. These results are interpreted taking into account the known variability in water-mass formation and in the poleward current driving ENACW_t along the shelf, and indicate that saline intrusions are a major feature affecting the distribution and composition of plankton in the spring in the southern Bay of Biscay, thus enlarging to a wider spatial scale their reported influence on the pelagic ecosystem.     

Data assimilation with the Ensemble Kalman Filter and the SEIK filter applied to a finite element model of the North Atlantic

Currently there are different approaches to filter algorithms based on the Kalman filter. One of the most used filter algorithms is the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). It uses a Monte Carlo approach to the filtering problem. Another approach is given by the Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman (SEEK) and Singular Evolutive Interpolated Kalman (SEIK) filters. These filters operate explicitly on a low-dimensional error space which is represented by an ensemble of model states. The EnKF and the SEIK filter have been implemented within a parallel data assimilation framework in the Finite Element Ocean Model FEOM. In order to compare the filter performances of the algorithms, several data assimilation experiments are performed. The filter algorithms have been applied with a model configuration of FEOM for the North Atlantic to assimilate the sea surface height in twin experiments. The dependence of the filter estimates on the represented error subspace is discussed. In the experiments the SEIK algorithm provides better estimates than the EnKF. Furthermore, the SEIK filter is much cheaper in terms of computing time.     

Comparison between a reanalyzed product by 3-dimensional variational assimilation technique and observations in the Ulleung Basin of the East/Japan Sea

Reanalyzed products from a MOM3-based East Sea Regional Ocean Model with a 3-dimentional variational data assimilation module (DA-ESROM), have been compared with the observed hydrographic and current datasets in the Ulleung Basin (UB) of the East/Japan Sea (EJS). Satellite-borne sea surface temperature and sea surface height data, and in-situ temperature profiles have been assimilated into the DA-ESROM. The performance of the DA-ESROM appears to be efficient enough to be used in an operational ocean forecast system.Comparing with the results from Mitchell et al. [Mitchell, D. A., Watts, D. R., Wimbush, M., Teague, W.J., Tracey, K. L., Book, J. W., Chang, K.-I., Suk, M.-S., Yoon, J.-H., 2005a. Upper circulation patterns in the Ulleung Basin. Deep-Sea Res. II, 52, 1617-1638.], the DA-ESROM fairly well simulates the high variability of the Ulleung Warm Eddy and Dok Cold Eddy as well as the branching of the Tsushima Warm Current in the UB. The overall root-mean-square error between 100 m temperature field reproduced by the DA-ESROM and the observed 100-dbar temperature field is 2.1 °C, and the spatially averaged grid-to-grid correlation between the two temperature fields is high with a mean value of 0.79 for the inter-comparison period.The DA-ESROM reproduces the development of strong southward North Korean Cold Current (NKCC) in summer consistent with the observational results, which is thought to be an improvement of the previous numerical models in the EJS. The reanalyzed products show that the NKCC is about 35 km wide, and flows southward along the Korean coast from spring to summer with maximum monthly mean volume transport of about 0.8 Sv in August–September.     

Biogenic silica cycle in surface sediments of the Greenland Sea

In contrast to several investigations of biogenic silica (BSi) content and recycling in surface sediments of the Southern Ocean, little is known about the benthic cycle of BSi in high northern latitudes. Therefore, we investigated the silicic acid concentration of pore water and BSi content of surface sediments from the Greenland Sea. Low BSi contents of less than 2% were observed. High-resolution (2–5 mm) BSi profiles and comparisons to trap studies suggest that only relatively dissolution-resistant siliceous components reach the seafloor. Pore water investigations reveal BSi fluxes of more than 300 mmol m⁻² a⁻¹ only for a few sites on the shelf. A statistically significant relationship between water depth and BSi rain rate reaching the seafloor was not observed. Sampling along a transect perpendicular to the marginal ice zone (MIZ) revealed no enhanced rain rate of BSi reaching the seafloor in the vicinity of the ice edge. Although the MIZ of the Greenland Sea is characterized by the enhanced export of biogenic particles from surface waters, this feature is not reflected in the benthic cycle of biogenic silica. The lack of such a relationship, which is in contrast to observations of shelf and continental margin sediments in the southern South Atlantic, is probably caused by the enhanced dissolution of BSi in the water column and highly dynamic ice conditions in the Greenland Sea.     

基于数字高程模型的长江口北港多年槽蓄量变化及可视化研究

总结了槽蓄量计算中的常用的断面法、水沙平衡法和地形图量算法的原理和不足,利用1973—2002年的水下地形图为基础资料创建DEM,进行了精度分析;计算河道槽蓄量的大小;对不同时期的数据进行叠合分析,得到河道槽蓄量大小的变化及水下地形变化的可视化。结果表明:1)利用海图资料建立的DEM精度较高,其中1982年的中误差仅为0.78m。2)在1973—2002年间北港河段槽蓄量整体增大,即呈现冲刷之势,泥沙冲刷量为1.6×108 m3。在整个研究时段内,1982-1987年间槽蓄量变小,河道发生淤积。3)北港河床航道稳定性较差,河床逐渐演变。水流作用切滩下泄使大量泥沙迁移堆积;洪水造床作用在河口河槽演变过程中起着重要的作用。