基于数字高程模型的长江口北港多年槽蓄量变化及可视化研究

总结了槽蓄量计算中的常用的断面法、水沙平衡法和地形图量算法的原理和不足,利用1973—2002年的水下地形图为基础资料创建DEM,进行了精度分析;计算河道槽蓄量的大小;对不同时期的数据进行叠合分析,得到河道槽蓄量大小的变化及水下地形变化的可视化。结果表明:1)利用海图资料建立的DEM精度较高,其中1982年的中误差仅为0.78m。2)在1973—2002年间北港河段槽蓄量整体增大,即呈现冲刷之势,泥沙冲刷量为1.6×108 m3。在整个研究时段内,1982-1987年间槽蓄量变小,河道发生淤积。3)北港河床航道稳定性较差,河床逐渐演变。水流作用切滩下泄使大量泥沙迁移堆积;洪水造床作用在河口河槽演变过程中起着重要的作用。     

Intrusions of eastern North Atlantic central waters and phytoplankton in the north and northwestern Iberian shelf during spring

The influence of intrusions of eastern North Atlantic central water (ENACW) in the north and northwestern Iberian shelf on phytoplankton composition and abundance and on particle-size distributions of seston was analyzed using data collected on three extensive cruises during spring 1991 and 1992. Water with temperature and salinity values between 12.20 and 13.86 °C and between 35.66 and 35.98 psu, respectively, characteristics of the subtropical type of ENACW (ENACW_t), was detected in the upper 100 m of the water-column in all cruises, but particularly in the western coast in 1992. The highest salinity values of this water were found near the surface (0–100-m depth) and in early spring 1992, while minimum salinity values, and also minimum geographical extension, were found in late spring in both years. Phytoplankton blooms concentrated in frontal areas between different water types, with maximum intensity and extension in early spring.Using temperature and salinity characteristics, samples were classified in four groups corresponding to the major water types found in the region: Bay of Biscay central water (BBCW), two segments of ENACW of different salinity and surface water influenced by continental runoff. This classification was significantly confirmed by three independent discriminant analyses using hydrographic and chemical (dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll) variables, phytoplankton species abundance variables and particle-size concentration of seston variables. Phytoplankton blooms related to the presence of saline waters were characterized by the dominance of either chain-forming diatoms or a mixture of diatoms and phytoflagellates and high concentrations of seston. The diatom species dominating in saline waters were typical of upwelling-induced blooms occurring generally during summer. Blooms occurring in waters influenced by runoff also contained diatoms but in lower numbers than those of saline waters. Nutrients were not exhausted in the region, suggesting that phytoplankton populations were still in active growth. These results are interpreted taking into account the known variability in water-mass formation and in the poleward current driving ENACW_t along the shelf, and indicate that saline intrusions are a major feature affecting the distribution and composition of plankton in the spring in the southern Bay of Biscay, thus enlarging to a wider spatial scale their reported influence on the pelagic ecosystem.     

Developing management guidelines for oil and gas activities: The louisiana experience

Abstract

Preliminary management guidelines have been derived for oil and gas activities in coastal Louisiana. Derivation of these guidelines was done in terms of the natural function of the coastal ecosystem; this means that all economic activities should be designed to complement natural function as much as possible. The guidelines range in scope from very specific, almost performance standards, to very general admonitions. For example, we have suggested that spoil banks, produced as a result of dredging, should not be higher than the height of the daily tide or roughly 15 cm in coastal Louisiana, and at the other extreme, we have suggested that all dredging should be done with great care during wildlife migrations, spawning, and nesting times.     

International emission regulation in sea transport: Economic feasibility and impact

Emissions from shipping due to the burning of the sulphur content of marine fuels conduce to air pollution in the form of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter. Various international organisations and institutions impose environmental standards on their member states to limit the emission of greenhouse gases. This paper examines both the potential effects of the emerging international maritime emission regulations on the competition between seaports and the potential underlying economic motivations fostering the discussion of introducing Emission Control Areas. It focuses on deepsea shipping. Another novelty is that the environmental issues are addressed from a policy, an economic and a legislative viewpoint. For the policy-related part, it is found that the political theory of public choice suggests that not the green lobby but rather the petrochemical lobby is the major driving factor behind the very strict emission caps. A potential port shift from Northern Europe to Mediterranean ports seems unlikely due to logistics disadvantages and service problems in Southern European ports. Finally, no convincing proof was found that the main liner companies would be unprepared for this legislation and should be persuaded to change their routes in favour of Mediterranean ports solely on account of the various emission regulations. The legal analysis, however, showed that the current enforcement regime of MARPOL Annex VI should be improved in order to rule out the possibility of a low degree of compliance and to protect the competiveness of complying ships.     

长江口北槽航道回淤原因分析

针对2005年以来北槽深水航道回淤量增大且主要集中于中段的特征,系统分析泥沙条件和水动力条件等各类因素变化的影响,指出导致中段回淤量增大的主要因为,提出制定减淤措施方案的思路.     

兰州市北环路设计理念与实践

介绍了兰州市北环路工程概况及其道路功能定位、设计方案及特色;阐述了在道路设计中,以交通规划为前提,融入"和谐城市"的规划理念;体现了"扩展城市空间,让出行更便捷、更舒适"的战略主题。     

小梁距变高度小箱梁在宁波市北环快速路工程中的应用

平行匝道由于桥面较窄,通常的标准梁宽小箱梁较难直接应用。由于受道路纵断面布置的限制,匝道与主线并板处,道路竖曲线引起的预制梁起拱值可能较大,给预制小箱梁的制作带来一定困难。该文就以上问题,以具体工程为背景,讨论在实际设计中的解决办法,并给出了代表性的结构验算结果。     

南通港吕四港区进港航道试挖工程回淤监测研究

南通港吕四港区进港航道地处苏北辐射沙洲南缘,为自然水深航道,缺少航道开挖的工程实践.吕四进港航道扩建阶段在小庙洪水道开展了航道试挖工程,并进行了为期1 a的回淤监测.研究表明,正常天气情况下试挖槽年回淤强度为0.74 m/a,回淤强度不大;一次常年大风过程平均淤积厚度基本不超过0.1m,正常年份的大风过程对回淤的影响有限;在遭遇了当地5～10 a一遇的“梅花”强台风作用下的淤积厚度约0.28 m,未出现明显“骤淤”现象.上述研究成果为吕四进港航道的扩建提供了技术支撑,也为辐射沙洲海域航道回淤研究提供重要的科学参考.     

华北地区岩质边坡绿化措施及植物选择研究

华北地区大规模的公路、铁路、矿山等工程建设遗留下了大量高陡的岩石边坡,随着经济发展、可持续发展对环境的要求,在一个极度退化的岩质边坡生态系统上,重新建立起一种结构稳定、功能完善、并能自我维持的土壤生态系统,并恢复植物群落多样性仍然是一个艰巨的课题。结合石家庄西部山前区矿山环境恢复治理工程,对该区岩质边坡常见绿化措施的特点、适宜条件及如何选择等作了分析归纳,同时对绿化植物物种的选择原则和适宜的华北地区生长的物种及相关属性进行总结,为该区岩质边坡绿化提供依据。     

Comparison between a reanalyzed product by 3-dimensional variational assimilation technique and observations in the Ulleung Basin of the East/Japan Sea

Reanalyzed products from a MOM3-based East Sea Regional Ocean Model with a 3-dimentional variational data assimilation module (DA-ESROM), have been compared with the observed hydrographic and current datasets in the Ulleung Basin (UB) of the East/Japan Sea (EJS). Satellite-borne sea surface temperature and sea surface height data, and in-situ temperature profiles have been assimilated into the DA-ESROM. The performance of the DA-ESROM appears to be efficient enough to be used in an operational ocean forecast system.Comparing with the results from Mitchell et al. [Mitchell, D. A., Watts, D. R., Wimbush, M., Teague, W.J., Tracey, K. L., Book, J. W., Chang, K.-I., Suk, M.-S., Yoon, J.-H., 2005a. Upper circulation patterns in the Ulleung Basin. Deep-Sea Res. II, 52, 1617-1638.], the DA-ESROM fairly well simulates the high variability of the Ulleung Warm Eddy and Dok Cold Eddy as well as the branching of the Tsushima Warm Current in the UB. The overall root-mean-square error between 100 m temperature field reproduced by the DA-ESROM and the observed 100-dbar temperature field is 2.1 °C, and the spatially averaged grid-to-grid correlation between the two temperature fields is high with a mean value of 0.79 for the inter-comparison period.The DA-ESROM reproduces the development of strong southward North Korean Cold Current (NKCC) in summer consistent with the observational results, which is thought to be an improvement of the previous numerical models in the EJS. The reanalyzed products show that the NKCC is about 35 km wide, and flows southward along the Korean coast from spring to summer with maximum monthly mean volume transport of about 0.8 Sv in August–September.