Formation of Denmark Strait overflow water and its hydro-chemical composition

The dense overflow across the Denmark Strait is investigated with hydrographic and hydro-chemical data and the water mass composition of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) is determined by multivariate analysis. Hydrographical properties, the transient tracers CFC-11 and CFC-12, oxygen and nutrients are utilized for the water mass definitions. Distribution and characteristics of water masses north of Denmark Strait are described, the important water masses at the sill and the variability on weekly time-scales are discussed, and the entrainment and mixing of water into the overflow plume in the northern Irminger Basin is calculated. The analysis indicates that water masses both from the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean are important for the formation of DSOW. It is found that water masses transported with the East Greenland Current make up about 75% of the overflow at the sill. The overflow at, and shortly south of, the sill is inhomogeneous with a low-salinity component dominated by Polar Intermediate Water. The high-salinity component of the overflow is mainly of Arctic origin. The water mass composition, and the short-term variability for 7 repeats of sections close to the sill are described, and these illustrate that the overflow is in fact a composite of a number of water masses with different formation and transport histories. This indicate that the overflow is a robust feature, but that it responds to variations in the circulation or atmospheric forcing that influences the formation of intermediate and deep water masses within the Arctic Mediterranean and the North Atlantic. At a section about 400 km south of the sill the overflow is well mixed and modified by entrainment of, mainly, Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water and Labrador Sea Water, together constituting 30% of the overflow plume. The entrainment of Middle Irminger Water dominates shortly downstream of the sill, before the overflow plume reaches too deep but the entrainment seems to be intermittent in time.     

朔黄铁路肃宁北站扩能改造的分析与建议

从分析朔黄铁路肃宁北站现有的设备和作业情况着手,找出肃宁北站制约通过能力的因素,据此提出肃宁北站扩能改造的建议实施方案。此实施方案包括作业组织和设备改造2个方面内容。这一扩能改造方案的实施,可使肃宁北站的通过能力得到进一步提高,满足朔黄铁路3年内运量增长到1 2亿t的需求。     

A numerical transport model for predicting the distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the southern North Sea: the sensitivity of model results to the uncertainties in the magnitudes of metal inputs

A new transport model for metals (named NOSTRADAMUS) has been developed to predict concentrations and distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the southern North Sea. NOSTRADAMUS is comprised of components for water, inorganic and organic suspended particulate matter transport; a primary production module contributes to the latter component. Metal exchange between dissolved (water) and total suspended particulate matter (inorganic + organic) phases is driven by distribution coefficients. Transport is based on an existent 2-D vertically integrated model, incorporating a 35 × 35 km grid. NOSTRADAMUS is largely driven by data obtained during the Natural Environment Research Council North Sea Project (NERC NSP). The sensitivity of model predictions to uncertainties in the magnitudes of metal inputs has been tested. Results are reported for a winter period (January 1989) when plankton production was low. Simulated ranges in concentrations in regions influenced by the largest inflows, i.e. the NE English coast and the Southern Bight, are similar to the ranges in the errors of the concentrations estimated at the northern and southern open sea boundaries of the model. Inclusion of uncertainties with respect to atmospheric (up to ± 54%) and riverine (± 30%) inputs makes little difference to the calculated concentrations of both dissolved and particulate fractions within the southern North Sea. When all the errors associated with the inputs are included there is good agreement between computed and observed concentrations, and that for dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu and Zn, and dissolved Ni and Pb, many of the observations fall within, or are close to, the range of values generated by the model. For particulate Pb, model simulations predict concentrations of the right order, but do not reproduce the large scatter in actual concentrations, with simulated concentrations showing a bias towards lower values compared to those observed. A factor which could have contributed to observed concentrations, and which is not included in the model, is considered to be a substantial benthic input of dissolved lead during this winter period, coupled to a rapid and extensive scavenging of the dissolved lead to particles. Significant reductions in riverine and aeolian inputs of total Cd and Cu of 70% and 50%, respectively, consistent with aims of North Sea Conferences, are predicted to lead to minor decreases (~ 10%) in water column concentrations of dissolved and particulate Cd and Cu, except near river sources, where maximum reductions of ~ 30–40% may occur.     

深圳北站综合交通枢纽出租车接驳方案研究

深圳北站是深圳市在建的大型综合交通枢纽,出租车接驳设施的规划设计是该枢纽的难点之一。依据现有建设条件及出租车场站与国铁、城市轨道交通、道路公交、广场及周边道路等的接驳关系及出租车场站方案布局难点,提出出租车接驳设施规划的理念与思路。在对枢纽出租车场站相关的各类人流与车流特点分析的基础上,通过两层及三层方案的比选,提出出租车场站三层立体布局的接驳方案。同时对出租车上客区的布局方式进行4个不同方案的比选。推荐采用矩阵式出租车上客布局方案。     

南昌市洪都大桥工程丰和北节点的处理

南昌市一环线北段——洪都大桥工程是南昌市"十一五"重点建设项目,而丰和北节点是沟通洪都大桥与红谷滩新区交通流的重要环节。该文本着科学、务实的精神,从区域交通、立交选型、立交规模、工程近远期结合等多方面分析,阐述城市立交类型选择的复杂性。     

Coastal Hazards and the Built Environment on Barrier Islands: A Retrospective View of Nags Head n the Late 1990s

This article provides a summary of past disasters, and hazard mitigation initiatives in the state of North Carolina, with a focus on the barrier island of Nags Head. The article also highlights the application of GIS technology to assess (i) the built environment and the extent of development and tax base in the "danger" zones (floods, oceanfront hazard zone, incipient inlets); (ii) the status of pre-Flood Insurance Rate Mapping (FlRM) structures on developed parcels; and (iii) vacant land in relation to current zoning. Findings show that 72% of Nags Head was developed, with close to one-third of the developed parcels within the oceanfront hazard zone. A relatively high percentage of structures built prior to Nags Head's regular participation in the Flood Insurance Rate Mapping (FIRM) program also lie within incipient inlets and VE flood zones. These findings were used as part of Nags Head's ongoing hazard mitigation initiatives.     

Campus parking supply impacts on transportation mode choice

Parking demand is a significant land-use problem in campus planning. The parking policies of universities and large corporations with facilities located in small urban areas shape the character of their campuses. These facilities will benefit from a simplified methodology to study the effects of parking availability on transportation mode mix and impacts on recruitment and staffing policies. This paper, based on a case study of North Dakota State University in the United States, introduces an analytical framework to provide planners with insights about how parking supply and demand affects campus transportation mode choice. The methodology relies only on aggregate mode choice data for the special generator zone and the average aggregate volume/capacity ratio projections for all external routes that access the zone. This reduced data requirement significantly lowers analysis cost and obviates the need for specialized modelling software and spatial network analysis tools. Results illustrate that the framework is effective for analysing mode choice changes under different scenarios of parking supply and population growth.     

河口整治工程中施工程序的重要性

以长江口南北港分汊口护滩限流工程为例,分析了在河口整治工程中科学安排施工程序的必要性;介绍了该工程施工程序的研究成果、具体做法和初步效果,表明科学、合理的施工程序对贯彻整治意图、确保河势稳定、实现整治效果和控制工程投资具有重要作用。