Relationship between phytoplankton bloom and wind stress in the sub-polar frontal area of the Japan/East Sea

The seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton blooms in the central Japan/East Sea (JES) show pronounced year-to-year variability based on Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS; 19972003) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra (20002003) observations. Wind seems to strongly influence this variability. To study the relationship between wind and bloom initiation, we analyzed daily, remotely sensed wind stress data (Active Microwave Instrument–wind [AMI–wind], NASA Scatterometer [NSCAT], and Quick Scatterometer [QuickSCAT]: 19972003) and daily chlorophyll concentrations based on ocean color data (SeaWiFS and MODIS). The results agreed well with the hypotheses; in spring, blooms began 615 days after wind stress weakened. Fall blooms started 39 days after wind strengthened. We also simulated seasonal changes using a simple light–nutrient model using two values for the respiration ratio: 10% and 20%. The use of 20% seemed to reproduce the timing of the spring bloom quite well but underestimated the absolute level of chlorophyll concentration. On the other hand, using 10% produced a better estimation of the chlorophyll concentration but failed to match the timing. Neither of the model runs reproduced the timing of the fall bloom well.     

东海大桥预制墩柱海上架设施工

东海大桥是我国在建的第一座真正意义上的高速公路跨海大桥,建设条件特殊,施工工艺复杂且施工难度高。现详细地阐述通过实践考验的外海桥梁施工新工艺——墩柱整体陆上预制海上架设施工的主要施工工艺和控制方法,希望对类似桥梁的施工起一点借鉴的作用。     

南京枢纽新建南京北动车所的必要性及整体布局方案研究

针对国内在新建高速铁路枢纽内,动车组配属及承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量、检修设施规模的测算结果中表现出的不统一、不协调及不匹配等问题,本文以新建南京枢纽南京北动车所工程项目为依托,研究确定枢纽内动车组配属规模设计、承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量及检修设施规模测算理论,提出了以全周转时间及日车公里法为指标的2种枢纽内动车组配属规模测算方法。研究表明：采用日车公里法测算,当枢纽内动车组平均日走行公里指标取常见经验计算值2 000 km时,在不考虑检修动车组数量前提下计算的运用动车组数量及备用动车组数量比全周转时间测算法计算结果偏大约41%,配属动车组数计算结果偏大约20%,动车组存车线数及检查库线数计算结果偏大约35%,计算枢纽内动车组配属、承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量及检修设施规模测算裕量较为充足。     

Improvement of the volume-delay function by incorporating the impact of trucks on traffic flow

In current transportation modelling, travel time is the most important factor in decisions regarding transport modes, destinations and routes. The calculation of travel time is deployed by volume-delay functions (VDFs), a sub-model of route assignment procedure, using the correlation between increasing numbers of vehicles on a road and the road's restrictive capacity. By investigating existing VDFs, a clear gap is seen, demonstrating that current functions are not suited to reflect the empirically known large impact of trucks on passenger car travel times. This issue becomes crucial when transport models are used to reflect future scenarios where goods transportation is expected to increase greatly, and when transport models combine passenger and commercial traffic. This paper presents a new VDF which successfully includes trucks’ impact on traffic flow in the case of Germany and, with slight deviations, for North America. The function is developed using ideal-type data for German motorways. The differences between German and US data and their implications for VDFs are also discussed.     

海船驾驶员职业适宜性及其心理测评系统研究

体现以人为本的基本思想,从安全人机工程学的原理出发,根据海船驾驶员职业的特点,论述了海船驾驶职业适宜性及其心理测评系统研究的重要意义。结合海船驾驶员职业的实际,提出了海船驾驶员职业适宜性测评的基本项目及手段,并对建立海船驾驶员职业适宜性的条件和测试方式进行了研究,旨在最终建立起一套适合海船驾驶员职业适宜性的心理测试标准和具体指标,达到指导实际生产中海船驾驶员的选拔、培养、训练和提高的目的。     

海洋环境武器

海洋环境武器亦称为地球物理武器或气象武器，是一种利用人工自然灾害或自然威力摧毁水上目标或阻断敌军事行动的手段。本文介绍了这方面的情况。     

Microbial community structure in the marginal ice zone of the Bellingshausen Sea

Phytoplankton, bacteria and microzooplankton were investigated on a transect in the Bellingshausen Sea during the ice melt period in November–December 1992. The transect along the 85°W meridian comprised seven stations that progressed from solid pack-ice (70°S), through melting ice into open water (67°S). The abundance, biomass and taxonomic composition were determined for each component of the microbial community. The phytoplankton was mostly dominated by diatoms, particularly small (<20 μm) species. Diatom abundance ranged from 66 000 cells l⁻¹ under the ice to 410 000 cells l⁻¹ in open water. Phytoplankton biomass varied from <1 to 167 mg C m⁻³, with diatoms comprising 89–95% of the total biomass in open water and autotrophic nanoflagellates comprising 57% under the ice. The standing stocks of autotrophs in the mixed layer ranged from 95 mg C m⁻² under the pack-ice to 9478 mg C m⁻² in open waters. Bacterial abundance in ice-covered and open water stations varied from 1.1 to 5.5×10⁸ cells l⁻¹. Bacterial biomass ranged from 2.4 mg C m⁻³ under pack-ice to an average of 14 mg C m⁻³ in open water. The microzooplankton consisted mainly of aloricate oligotrich ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates and these were most abundant in open waters. Their biomass varied between 0.2 and 54 mg C m⁻³ with a minimum at depth under the ice and maximum in open surface waters. Microheterotrophic standing stocks varied between 396 mg C m⁻² under pack-ice and 3677 mg C m⁻² in the open waters. The standing stocks of the total microbial community increased consistently from 491 mg C m⁻² at the ice station to 13 155 mg C m⁻² in open waters, reflecting the productive response of the community to ice-melt. The composition of the microbial community also shifted markedly from one dominated by heterotrophs (82% of microbial stocks) at the ice station to one dominated by autotrophs (73% of microbial stocks) in the open water. Our estimates suggest that the microbial community comprised >100% of the total particulate organic carbon (POC) under the ice and 62–66% of the measured POC in the open waters.     

Simulation of the oil spill processes in the Sea of Japan with regional ocean circulation model

A simulation of the movement of spilled oil after the incident of the Russian tanker Nakhodka in the Sea of Japan, in January 1997, was performed by a particle tracking model incorporating advection by currents, random diffusion, the buoyancy effect, the parameterization of oil evaporation, biodegradation, and beaching. The currents advecting spilled oil were defined by surface wind drift superposed on the three-dimensional ocean currents obtained by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory modular ocean model (GFDL MOM), which was forced by the climatological monthly mean meteorological data, or by the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) daily meteorological data, and assimilated sea surface topography detected by satellite altimeter. A number of experiments with different parameters and situations showed that the wide geographical spread of oil observed is not explained by wind drift alone, and that including the simulated climatological currents gives better results. The combination of surface wind drift and daily ocean currents shows the best agreement between the model and observations except in some coastal areas. The daily meteorological effect on the ocean circulation model results in a stronger variability of currents that closely simulates some features of the nonlinear large-scale horizontal turbulent diffusion of oil. The effect of different parameterizations for the size distribution of model oil particles is discussed. Received for publication on July 26, 1999; accepted on Nov. 17, 1999     

Numerical simulations of seasonal and interannual variability of the Black Sea thermohaline circulation

The Black Sea general circulation is simulated by a primitive equation model with active free surface. The forcing is seasonally variable and is based on available climatic data. The model reproduces the main features of the Black Sea circulation, including the river discharge effects on the mean sea level and the Bosphorus outflow. Model results show that the simulated sea surface elevation increases in spring over the whole sea, reaching a maximum in the Danube delta area. In the same region, a minimum is observed in winter. The amplitude of the seasonal oscillations (about 8–12 cm over the whole basin) is of the same order of magnitude as the maximum horizontal variations (about 15–18 cm between the coastal areas and the basin interior). This strong signal formed mostly by river discharges, along with the seasonal variability in the other forcing functions and the local dynamics creates a well-pronounced interannual variability. The performance of the model in simulating the seasonal and interannual variability is critically analyzed, with a special attention on the cold intermediate water formation and the circulation in the upper 150 m. The simulations demonstrate that the source of intermediate waters is on the shelf, and that the water mass in the core of cold intermediate layer changes with time as a response to the periodic forcing at sea surface. This type of variability is characterized by pronounced interannual changes, proving that important differences could exist between water mass structure in different years, even when using identical atmospheric forcings each year.