The identification and empirical characterization of vehicular (Lagrangian) fundamental diagrams in multilane traffic flow

Traditional macroscopic traffic flow modeling framework adopts the spatial–temporal coordinate system to analyze traffic flow dynamics. With such modeling and analysis paradigm, complications arise for traffic flow data collected from mobile sensors such as probe vehicles equipped with mobile phones, Bluetooth, and Global Positioning System devices. The vehicle‐based measurement technologies call for new modeling thoughts that address the unique features of moving measurements and explore their full potential. In this paper, we look into the concept of vehicular fundamental diagram (VFD) and discuss its engineering implications. VFD corresponds to a conventional fundamental diagram (FD) in the kinematic wave (KW) theory that adopts space–time coordinates. Similar to the regular FD in the KW theory, VFD encapsulates all traffic flow dynamics. In this paper, to demonstrate the full potential of VFD in interpreting multilane traffic flow dynamics, we generalize the classical Edie's formula and propose a direct approach of reconstructing VFD from traffic measurements in the vehicular coordinates. A smoothing algorithm is proposed to effectively reduce the nonphysical fluctuation of traffic states calculated from multilane vehicle trajectories. As an example, we apply the proposed methodology to explore the next‐generation simulation datasets and identify the existence and forms of shock waves in different coordinate systems. Our findings provide empirical justifications and further insight for the Lagrangian traffic flow theory and models when applied in practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fractional-order-based ACC/CACC algorithm for improving string stability

Traffic flow optimization and driver comfort enhancement are the main contributions of an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. If communication links are added, more safety and shorter gaps can be reached performing a Cooperative-ACC (CACC). Although shortening the inter-vehicular distances directly improves traffic flow, it can cause string unstable behavior. This paper presents fractional-order-based control algorithms to enhance the car-following and string stability performance for both ACC and CACC vehicle strings, including communication temporal delay effects. The proposed controller is compared with state-of-the-art implementations, exhibiting better performance. Simulation and real experiments have been conducted for validating the approach.     

Investigating Causal Pathways Linking Site-Level Characteristics,Compliance, and Ecological Performance in Caribbean MPAs

A rapidly growing body of empirical evidence has linked improved ecological performance of social–ecological systems (SES) with better compliance with rules governing human activities. Researchers have proposed several key factors that motivate an individual to comply with resource use rules, including deterrence, social pressures, moral inclinations, and perceived legitimacy of rules and responsible authorities. Much of the research on compliance proposes causal mechanisms at the individual human level, but few studies test causal paths with empirical data particularly at the site level. This study tested a proposed pathway for explaining overall compliance rates and ecological performance in SES using data from structured surveys of community members, key informant interviews, policy documents, and coral reef surveys at marine protected areas (MPAs) and their associated human communities in the wider Caribbean. Findings indicate that compliance and other active MPA management interventions positively affect ecological performance, and site-level contextual factors (level of community development and being part of a political network) positively influence significant predictors of overall compliance rates, which include active MPA management and enforced punishments.     

Do cooperative systems make drivers’ car-following behavior safer?

The main goal of in-vehicle technologies and co-operative services is to reduce congestion and increase traffic safety. This is achieved by alerting drivers on risky traffic conditions ahead of them and by exchanging traffic and safety related information for the particular road segment with nearby vehicles. Road capacity, level of service, safety, and air pollution are impacted to a large extent by car-following behavior of drivers. Car-following behavior is an essential component of micro-simulation models. This paper investigates the impact of an infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) co-operative system on drivers’ car-following behavior. Test drivers in this experiment drove an instrumented vehicle with and without the system. Collected trajectory data of the subject vehicle and the vehicle in front, as well as socio-demographic characteristics of the test drivers were used to estimate car-following models capturing their driving behavior with and without the I2V system. The results show that the co-operative system harmonized the behavior of drivers and reduced the range of acceleration and deceleration differences among them. The observed impact of the system was largest on the older group of drivers.     

A receding horizon sliding control approach for electric powertrains with backlash and flexible half-shafts

Active control of electric powertrains is challenging, due to the fact that backlash and structural flexibility in transmission components can cause severe performance degradation or even instability of the control system. Furthermore, high impact forces in transmissions reduce driving comfort and possibly lead to damage of the mechanical elements in contact. In this paper, a nonlinear electric powertrain is modelled as a piecewise affine (PWA) system. The novel receding horizon sliding control (RHSC) idea is extended to constrained PWA systems and utilised to systematically address the active control problem for electric powertrains. Simulations are conducted in Matlab/Simulink in conjunction with the high fidelity Carsim software. RHSC shows superior jerk suppression and target wheel speed tracking performance as well as reduced computational cost over classical model predictive control (MPC). This indicates the newly proposed RHSC is an effective method to address the active control problem for electric powertrains.     

Insights into vehicle trajectories at the handling limits: analysing open data from race car drivers

Race car drivers can offer insights into vehicle control during extreme manoeuvres; however, little data from race teams is publicly available for analysis. The Revs Program at Stanford has built a collection of vehicle dynamics data acquired from vintage race cars during live racing events with the intent of making this database publicly available for future analysis. This paper discusses the data acquisition, post-processing, and storage methods used to generate the database. An analysis of available data quantifies the repeatability of professional race car driver performance by examining the statistical dispersion of their driven paths. Certain map features, such as sections with high path curvature, consistently corresponded to local minima in path dispersion, quantifying the qualitative concept that drivers anchor their racing lines at specific locations around the track. A case study explores how two professional drivers employ distinct driving styles to achieve similar lap times, supporting the idea that driving at the limits allows a family of solutions in terms of paths and speed that can be adapted based on specific spatial, temporal, or other constraints and objectives.     

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飞机多机种出动架次率是衡量飞机作战效能的重要指标,本文对空军场站军用飞机多机种（型）出动架次率进行了研究。通过对飞机出动回收过程的描述,基于排队理论建立多服务器多服务率的飞机多机种（型）出动回收网络模型,并采用扩展后的平均值分析对飞机出动能力进行了求解。通过解析计算,给出飞机多机种（型）出动架次率曲线,分析架次率与飞机数量之间的关系,并结合平均队长、利用率等系统性能指标,识别出制约飞机多机种（型）出动架次率提高的因素。最后通过蒙特卡洛仿真对构建的回收网络模型的计算结果进行验证。验证结果表明,飞机多机种（型）出动网络模型及其算法适合应用于实践中,并且有助于对空军场站飞机多机种（型）出动能力的研究。     

城市交通状态的空间依赖性和异质性分析

有关城市交通状态空间特征的研究相对匮乏。从空间角度分析城市宏观交通特征,首先,针对城市路网几何形态和交通数据的关系提出适合于城市交通数据分析的空间模型。然后,以从长期的浮动车数据中提取的路段行程速度作为描述交通状态的实验数据,分别采用空间自相关和核密度估计法定量分析路网行程速度的空间依赖性和空间异质性,并分析其在典型时段的空间分布特征。结果显示:城市交通状态的关联性在空间上随着路段间距的增长而衰减;城市交通状态的空间分布特征随时间变化,受路网结构和区域功能的影响在空间中呈现集聚特征。     

西非海域FPSO多点系泊系统的疲劳寿命分析

文章首先采用三维频域理论分析西非海域FPSO的水动力性能,得到船体各自由度的运动响应,慢漂载荷,附加质量和势流阻尼等;随后,利用分块法将波浪散点图离散为若干个海况,基于准动态方法对多点系泊系统进行分析,得到各海况下船体的漂移和各系泊缆的张力;最后,结合前两步的计算结果,采用T-N曲线,雨流计数和Miner线性累计损伤理论对系泊缆的疲劳寿命进行预报。研究结果表明,各系泊缆的疲劳寿命沿长度方向的分布趋势基本一致,锚链顶端和触底部分的疲劳寿命较短。此外,西非海域的涌浪对系泊缆的疲劳损伤较大,系泊设计时应予以重点关注。     

水管路系统低噪声配置研究

管路系统的水力功能和振动噪声性能相互影响皆为设计目标。舰船领域中冷却水管路系统长期开启,管路系统振动及船外辐射噪声受到关注。为实现船外辐射噪声的控制,有必要建立水力和声学的协调设计技术。文章以低噪声配置原则为管路系统设计指导,基于复杂水力管网计算方法进行管系合理配置,基于管系等效水梁及管系—船体声固耦合整体建模方法进行振动及船外辐射噪声计算评估,形成了水力与声学协调的管路系统低噪声配置技术流程。以典型冷却水管路系统为对象,初步测试验证了配置原则和计算方法。