基于累积前景理论的城际列车分时定价研究

城际客流具有时段分布不均衡特点,表现为高峰时段一票难求而低峰时段客座率低。为均衡客流、提高城际高铁收益,选取客运通道内不同时段车次进行差别定价。考虑旅客选择行为的差异性和有限理性,采用潜在类别分析对旅客进行分类,选取票价和时段价值两个影响因素, 建立双参照点的旅客平行车次产品效用模型,以累积前景值刻画异质旅客对平行车次的出行效用。基于累积前景值构建以铁路企业收益最大,旅客广义出行费用最小的分时定价双层规划模型,设计基于灵敏度分析的启发式算法求解。最后以南宁-北海为例对高峰、非高峰时段平行列车进行实例分析,结果表明,本文提出的分时定价方法能提升收益约2.5%,且高峰、非高峰时段的客流更加均衡。     

Is the curb 80% full or 20% empty? Assessing the impacts of San Francisco’s parking pricing experiment

The city of San Francisco is undertaking a large-scale controlled parking pricing experiment. San Francisco has adopted a performance goal of 60–80% occupancy for its metered parking. The goal represents an heuristic performance measure intended to reduce double parking and cruising for parking, and improve the driver experience; it follows a wave of academic and policy literature that calls for adjusting on-street parking prices to achieve similar occupancy targets. In this paper, we evaluate the relationship between occupancy rules and metrics of direct policy interest, such as the probability of finding a parking space and the amount of cruising. We show how cruising and arrival rates can be simulated or estimated from hourly occupancy data. Further, we evaluate the impacts of the first two years of the San Francisco program, and conclude that rate changes have helped achieve the City’s occupancy goal and reduced cruising by 50%.     

The impact of a congestion pricing exemption on the demand for new energy efficient vehicles in Stockholm

As governments seek to transition to more efficient vehicle fleets, one strategy has been to incentivize ‘green’ vehicle choice by exempting some of these vehicles from road user charges. As an example, to stimulate sales of energy efficient vehicles (EEVs) in Sweden, some of these automobiles were exempted from Stockholm’s congestion tax. In this paper the effect this policy had on the demand for new, privately-owned, exempt EEVs is assessed by first estimating a model of vehicle choice and then by applying this model to simulate vehicle alternative market shares under different policy scenarios. The database used to calibrate the model includes owner-specific demographics merged with vehicle registry data for all new private vehicles registered in Stockholm County during 2008. Characteristics of individuals with a higher propensity to purchase an exempt EEV were identified. The most significant factors included intra-cordon residency (positive), distance from home to the CBD (negative), and commuting across the cordon (positive). By calculating vehicle shares from the vehicle choice model and then comparing these estimates to a simulated scenario where the congestion tax exemption was inactive, the exemption was estimated to have substantially increased the share of newly purchased, private, exempt EEVs in Stockholm by 1.8% (±0.3%; 95% C.I.) to a total share of 18.8%. This amounts to an estimated 10.7% increase in private, exempt EEV purchases during 2008, i.e., 519 privately owned, exempt EEVs.     

Using the revenues from congestion pricing

The economic theory behind congestion pricing relies on using the revenues to help compensate highway users. But can practical methods of using revenues come close to achieving this compensation, and still have salient appeal to important political groups? This paper investigates the possibilities for designing a package of revenue uses that can achieve these twin goals. The suggested approach returns two-thirds of the revenues to travelers through travel allowances and tax reductions, and uses the rest to improve transportation throughout the area, including affected business centers. By replacing regressive sales and fuel taxes, this approach offsets the tendency of the prices alone to have a regressive distributional impact. By lowering taxes, funding new highways, improving transit, and upgrading business centers, the package provides inducements for support from several key interest groups. The potential amounts of money involved are discussed using nationwide data, and in more detail using a case study of ubiquitous facility pricing throughout the Los Angeles region. Illustrative calculations of the effects on various individuals confirm that such a package can create net benefits for a wide spectrum of people and interest groups.     

公路工程项目最低评标价法

介绍了公路工程项目招投标中最低评标价法的概念，对最低评标价法的应用范围，应用最低评标价法时履约担保中的现金担保是否应该提交，以及现金担保应该由谁来保管等问题进行了探讨。     

新能源汽车购买行为及其环境影响效果研究

为了考量新能源汽车的推广使用对环境的具体影响,对新能源汽车的购买行为和普及率进 行了研究,同时分析新能源汽车在优惠政策条件下在实际路网中的环境影响。首先,对大连市居 民进行了意向问卷调查,建立描述家庭新能源汽车购买行为模型;其次,应用该模型对新能源汽 车在大连市的普及率进行分析;最后,在道路收费优惠政策条件下,考虑新能源汽车的普及率和 出行频率的变化,利用多用户交通平衡分配模型进行实例分析,探索新能源汽车在实际路网中的 排放影响。结果表明,在低普及率情况下,新能源汽车的减排效果并不明显,而在高普及率情况 下,减排效果比较显著。然而,对于交通领域巨大的碳排放体量而言,低普及率带来的碳排放量 下降的累积效应仍是非常可观的。     

土地增值税的清算对房地产开发企业的影响及应对措施分析

研究目的：定量分析土地增值税的清算对房地产开发企业的影响，并提出应对措施。 研究方法：本文采用对比分析法，定量分析了土地增值税清算对房地产开发企业的影响和采取应对措施的效果。 研究结果：在土地增值税清算情况下，房地产企业的综合税负水平高于土地增值税预征情况下的税负水平，并且项目增值额越大，两种情况下房地产企业的综合税负水平的差别越大。 研究结论：针对土地增值税清算对房地产开发企业的利润有较大影响这一情况，可以采取集团内部转移定价和缩短项目周期的方式，从而有利于房地产开发企业将更多的利润留在企业内，合理、合法降低税负水平。     

水运工程造价领域中应用工程量清单计价模式的探讨

工程量清单计价方法是国际上较为通用的一种先进的造价管理方法。文章指出我国水运工程造价领域应用工程量清单计价方法是必然趋势,并对计价模式进行了探讨,论述了其特点、意义及必须要做的工作。     

自然垄断行业价格管制研究

由于自然垄断行业所具有的独特的技术经济特点，往往需要政府对其进行价格管制．介绍了投资回报率管制和最高上限管制两种价格管制形式，对二者进行了分析比较；推导了拉姆齐价格的计算公式并在理论分析的基础上探索了我国自然垄断行业管制价格制定中应注意的几个问题。