Bridge and tunnel toll elasticities in New York

In 1992, the authors carried out a statistical analysis of Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) crossings in New York City, to determine the impact of toll increases on traffic volumes and revenue. Using twelve years of monthly time-series data, we developed a set of multiple regression models that estimated traffic volumes on each TBTA bridge and tunnel as a function of the toll level and other explanatory variables. In most cases, the estimated toll elasticities were negative and much less than 1.0 in absolute value; the median toll elasticity for automobiles was found to be –0.10. Our finding that automobile travel demand is highly inelastic with respect to toll rates is consistent with most previous travel demand studies.     

线性需求下铁路客运差别定价模型研究

为提高席位资源利用率,研究了线性需求下我国铁路客运差别定价策略的优化模型。以收益最大化为目标,基于最优化理论和完全价格歧视策略,确定旅客群体最优细分数目以及每个旅客群体的最优票价,得出在客运淡季,铁路旅客最优细分数目为3~5个,各旅客群的最优票价由铁路客运市场细分数目决定。应用该模型为某城际高铁进行差别定价,试验结果表明,该模型可达到调节客流、增加收益的目的。     

基于广义费用函数的城际铁路分时定价策略研究

随着我国城市群的发展,区域内部各城市之间的客流需求不断增长,城际铁路作为城市间出行的主要方式,客流在高峰、低谷时段具有明显的不均衡性。为了更加平稳有序地提供高质量服务,充分发挥票价调节供需匹配关系的作用,对城际铁路分时定价策略进行研究,构建不同时刻、不同运输方式的旅客出行广义费用函数,建立双层规划模型,优化不同时段城际铁路票价,并结合Frank-Wolfe算法和带有惯性权重的粒子群算法,求解双层规划模型。最后,以京津城际铁路为例,验证了分时定价策略可以使客流分布更加均衡,并提高铁路运输部门收益。     

收费公路资产证券化定价及发行方法研究

从数据驱动视角出发，本文探讨收费公路资产支持证券的结构化定价方法。首先，构建反 映交通量风险特征的收费公路通行收入自回归积分滑动平均模型；其次，基于瀑布式偿付结构和 到期收益率Nelson-Siegel模型计算不同等级证券发债规模与息票利率；最后结合成渝高速和渝 蓉高速现实数据进行仿真分析。研究发现，高速公路成熟期的通行收入具有尖峰厚尾特征，成长 期的通行收入更兼具显著的波动聚集效应。数据驱动的定价模型能够刻画通行收入的风险特 征，合理估计优先级的证券融资比例，比只考虑利率风险的现金流折现法更具有优势；从发行方 式来看，合并发行的融资结构显著优于单独发行。管理启示是改变以单个高速公路项目为基础 的特许经营权融资，通过绩优绩差项目的合并发行优化融资结构。     

Joint deployment of charging stations and photovoltaic power plants for electric vehicles

The focus of this study is to jointly design charging stations and photovoltaic (PV) power plants with time-dependent charging fee, to improve the management of the coupled transportation and power systems. We first propose an efficient and extended label-setting algorithm to solve the EV joint routing and charging problem that considers recharging amount choices at different stations and loop movement cases. Then, a variational inequality problem is formulated to model the equilibrium of EV traffic on transportation networks, and an optimal power flow model is proposed to model the power network flow with PV power plants and optimally serve the EV charging requirements. Based on the above models for describing system states, we then formulate a model to simultaneously design charging stations, PV plants, and time-dependent charging fee. A surrogate-based optimization (SBO) algorithm is adopted to solve the model. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed SBO algorithm performs well. Additionally, important insights concerning the infrastructure design and price management of the coupled transportation and power networks are derived accordingly.     

Learning marginal-cost pricing via a trial-and-error procedure with day-to-day flow dynamics

This paper investigates the convergence of the trial-and-error procedure to achieve the system optimum by incorporating the day-to-day evolution of traffic flows. The path flows are assumed to follow an ‘excess travel cost dynamics’ and evolve from disequilibrium states to the equilibrium day by day. This implies that the observed link flow pattern during the trial-and-error procedure is in disequilibrium. By making certain assumptions on the flow evolution dynamics, we prove that the trial-and-error procedure is capable of learning the system optimum link tolls without requiring explicit knowledge of the demand functions and flow evolution mechanism. A methodology is developed for updating the toll charges and choosing the inter-trial periods to ensure convergence of the iterative approach towards the system optimum. Numerical examples are given in support of the theoretical findings.     

序列成本定价机制的公理化分析

研究了序列成本定价机制对同质分配模型公理体系的满足情况，并着重探讨了该机制与上限性、下限性、免费午餐、需求可控性和一致性公理的关系．在同质模型的前提下，序列成本定价满足除去成本函数单调性、一致性和需求可控性之外的所有公理特性要求．比较了序列成本定价机制和平均成本定价机制满足上限性、下限性、免费午餐、需求可控性等公理的情况．结果表明，当代理人的需求不易控制时，平均成本定价具有明显优势；反之序列成本定价较好．     

考虑通道分工和竞争的客运专线定价方法

分析了中长途旅客运输市场竞争环境以及运输通道内既有线和客运专线合理分工．提出了客运专线多产品票价制定的多层规划模型．模型中不仅考虑了基于广义费用最小的旅客出行选择要求和运输企业效益最大化，并且兼顾了与客运通道内既有线的分工，其优化目标是得到最优或接近最优的票价制定方案．探讨了求解该模型的遗传算法．     

国有股减持和流通的浮动定价配售策略研究

国有股减持的核心问题在于减持价格的确定，国有股流通的核心问题在于证券市场的资金承受能力，证券市场稳定发展及其社会资源再分配过程中的公平性。从市场利益机制入手，提出浮动定价配售策略，对国有股减持和流通的操作有效性进行探讨，对可放弃控股权的国有股流通的具体模式提出相应的建议。     

股价为指数O-U过程的回顾型期权的定价

讨论了股票价格遵循指数O-U过程的连续时间最大值看涨(最小值看跌)期权,也就是固定履约价回顾型期权的定价问题.利用期权定价的鞅方法,得到了指数O-U过程随机模型下固定履约价回顾型期权的定价公式.