Inorganic carbon fluxes through the boundaries of the Greenland Sea Basin based on in situ observations and water transport estimates

A carbon budget for the exchange of total dissolved inorganic carbon C_T between the Greenland Sea and the surrounding seas has been constructed for winter and summer situations. An extensive data set of C_T collected over the years 1994–1997 within the European Sub-polar Ocean Programmes (ESOP1 and ESOP2) are used for the budget calculation. Based on these data, mean values of C_T in eight different boxes representing the inflow and outflow of water through the boundaries of the Greenland Sea Basin are estimated. The obtained values are then combined with simulated water transports taken from the ESOP2 version of the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM). The fluxes of inorganic carbon are presented for three layers; a surface mixed layer, an intermediate layer and a deep layer, and the imbalance in the fluxes are attributed to air–sea exchange, biological fixation of inorganic carbon, and sedimentation. The main influx of carbon is found in the surface and the deep layers in the Fram Strait, and in the surface waters of direct Atlantic origin, whereas the main outflux is found in the surface layer over the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone and the Knipovich Ridge, transporting carbon into the Atlantic Ocean via the Denmark Strait and towards the Arctic Ocean via the Norwegian Sea, respectively. The flux calculation indicates that there is a net transport of carbon out of the Greenland Sea during wintertime. In the absence of biological activity, this imbalance is attributed to air sea exchange, and requires an oceanic uptake of CO₂ of 0.024±0.006 Gt C yr⁻¹. The flux calculations from the summer period are complicated by biological fixation of inorganic carbon, and show that data on organic carbon is required in order to estimate the air–sea exchange in the area.     

基于盲数理论的我国海上战略通道安全风险评价

对我国海上战略通道进行安全风险评价是保障海上通道安全的重要环节。由于海上战略通道的安全风险具有多种不确定性，故可运用盲数理论建立我国海上战略通道安全风险等级评价的盲数模型。通过专家打分的方法对影响因素进行未确知测度，构造判断矩阵获得影响因素的权重，从而得到模型的综合未确知测度，根据既定的评价准则获得海上通道的安全风险级别。文中对我国重要的海上通道马六甲海峡进行了安全风险评价，其评价结果为：马六甲海峡的安全级别为较危险级别，验证了该盲数模型的有效性。     

台风的预防预控

防抗台风是海事部门的重点工作之一，只有采取有效的针对性措施才能最大限度地减小损失。     

“石亭江预案”启示录

面对天灾人祸,我们有多少无奈、痛心疾首。面对海、陆、空交通运输高风险的行业特点,在每一次灾难性事件发生过后,我们有多少专家深入现场对黑匣子、事件始末进行过反复论证。本文尝试对"石亭江预案"要素加以分析,以期抛砖引玉,巩固提高我们航运业预案的水准。     

煤焦油沥青的改性研究

通过外掺混杂树脂、石棉纤维和滑石粉等材料,经过大量试验,对煤焦油沥青进行改性,制备出粘附性能好,低温柔性优良,耐久性好,适合于北方寒冷地区应用的防水材料,从而为传统煤焦油沥青在东北地区的应用提供了新的思路。     

对船舶污染损害侵权责任及索赔主体问题的探讨

船舶污染事故是造成海洋环境污染损害的主要原因之一,建立完善的船舶污染损害索赔机制,保证受损方获得及时的赔偿,是恢复海洋环境、维护受害者利益所必须的。文中从民法的基本原理出发,对国家海域所有权、海域使用权等进行了论述,并按照民事侵权责任的承担原则,对索赔权利主体的确定等问题进行了探讨。     

解决夜间行车错误使用远光灯问题的对策

夜间行车错误使用远光灯现已成为驾车十大陋习之一，造成的意外事故已经越来越严重。遥控变光的方法在实际应用中具有很强的稳定性，对解决夜间行车错误使用远光灯的问题具有一定的启示作用。     

剖析船员心理素质与大风浪安全操作

船舶大风浪操作安全与否与船员心理素质（包括恐惧心理、侥幸心理、麻痹心理、消极心理、急躁心理、主观心理）等方面有关。为此，我们要积极探讨船员的心理状态，引导船员增强心理素质，坚定克服困难的信心，充分做好思想准备和各方面的工作准备，严格遵守各项规章制度，沉着应对种种复杂的局面，确保船员生命安全，把经济损失控制到最少。这是国际公约、《海商法》、《安全生产法》赋予船员的责任和义务。     

The cost of not holding back the sea: Toward a national sample of economic vulnerability

Abstract

National and regional estimates of U.S. economic vulnerability to greenhouse‐induced sea‐level rise are produced from a sample of 30 discrete regions scattered evenly along the coastline. Scenarios that envision 50 cm, 100 cm, and 200 cm of greenhouse‐induced sea‐level rise are considered. They can be expected to place $39.2, $65.6, and $133.3 billion, respectively, (1989 dollars) of existing development in jeopardy through 2050, and $133.3, $308.7, and $909.4 billion through 2100. Sampling error and consideration of the uncertainty with which we currently view future greenhouse‐induced sea‐level rise places the 25th and 75th percentile values of expected cumulative vulnerability at $38.5 and $76.7 billion through 2050 and $132.6 and $362.4 billion through 2100. Not surprisingly, the southeast displays the largest potential vulnerability, with the northeast ranking second above both the Gulf coast and the west coast.     

梁端位移对无砟轨道扣件系统的影响分析

针对采用小阻力扣件系统的无砟轨道,分析梁端转角、梁端悬臂长度、错台高度、坡道桥梁伸缩等因素对扣件系统的影响,其中扣件间距、坡道上桥梁伸缩的影响较小,而错台高度、梁端转角和胶垫刚度的影响较大,综合考虑竖向荷载、梁端转角、错台等主要因素对扣件系统的受力影响,从限制扣件上拔力不超过弹条扣压力的角度提出了不同胶垫刚度、不同错台高度情况下的梁端转角限值,其中单侧正转角限值大于对称转角限值,对称转角限值大于单侧负转角限值。扣件刚度越大、错台高度越高,梁端转角限值越小,不同的扣件设计参数将有不同的限值要求。