Seasonal variation of riverine nutrient inputs in the northern Bay of Biscay (France), and patterns of marine phytoplankton response

Seasonal variations in nutrient inputs are described for the main rivers (Loire and Vilaine) flowing into the northern Bay of Biscay. The river plumes are high in N/P ratio in late winter and spring, but not in the inner plume during the summer. Conservative behavior results in most nutrients entering the estuary and eventually reaching the coastal zone. Temporal and spatial aspects of phytoplankton growth and nutrient uptake in the northern Bay of Biscay distinguish the central area of salinity 34 from the plume area. The first diatom bloom appears offshore in late winter, at the edge of the river plumes, taking advantage of haline stratification and anticyclonic “weather windows.” In spring, when the central area of the northern shelf is phosphorus-limited, small cells predominate in the phytoplankton community and compete with bacteria for both mineral and organic phosphorus. At that period, river plumes are less extensive than in winter, but local nutrient enrichment at the river mouth allows diatom growth. In summer, phytoplankton become nitrogen-limited in the river plumes; the central area of the shelf is occupied by small forms of phytoplankton, which are located on the thermocline and use predominantly regenerated nutrients.     

Effective Policy Evaluation: Refining Design Processes for Coastal Ecosystem Condition Indicators

To achieve the desired outcomes of ecosystem-based or integrated coastal management, paradigm shifts must occur in all stages of the policy process. This article focuses on the evaluative stage following policy implementation, specifically on the use of coastal ecosystem condition indicators. A review of the recent literature suggests that coastal ecosystem condition indicators with too broad a scale or too narrow a scope lose utility and applicability. An analysis of these problems of scale and scope reveals that the process through which an index is designed and selected can hinder or heighten its validity. Local and diverse stakeholder input can help to ameliorate weaknesses, increasing the evaluative validity of coastal ecosystem condition indicators.     

舰船外加电流阴极保护系统修理和改进

在船体外加电流阴极保护系统中,由于各种故障,经常引起系统不能正常工作。在工作中发现在船用恒电位仪相关标准中“输入阻抗≥1MΩ”指标制定的偏低,在此进行了探讨。同时还从使用维修时出现的问题和提高系统可靠性的角度提出了设计和维修的改进意见。     

Applications of Random-Utility-based Multi-region Input–Output Models of Transport and the Spatial Economy

Abstract

An introduction to random-utility-based multiregional input–output models used for the purpose of spatial economic and transport interaction modelling is provided. The main methodological developments and important results of a dozen applications from the years 1996–2013 are described. This is followed by an outlook of potential future directions. Further research is mainly needed in five areas: (a) overall validation of the method, perhaps through back-casting applications on infrastructure plans with observed trade impacts; (b) extensions of trade coefficient models to add realism and improve accuracy; (c) the use of multi-scale modelling to capture interdependencies between geographical scales and to improve the representation of exports and imports; (d) improvements in the representation of price effects, as well as innovation and technological progress, by way of variable technical coefficients; and (e) a deeper investigation of the algorithm used to include elastic selling prices.     

大跨度铁路客站站房屋盖结构性能分析

针对呼和浩特东站站房大跨度钢结构屋盖的工程特性,进行结构的稳定性分析,得到结构的极限承载力上限,说明站房设计选型合理,同时可知风荷载及温度荷载对本站房结构的影响较大;进行考虑结构非线性的全过程分析,由于非线性的影响,结构的荷载系数有所降低,但是仍具有足够的安全储备,说明本工程的稳定性能良好,安全性高。对于大跨度屋盖结构的动力分析,进行考虑三维多点输入与一致地震动输入的比较,可以得到,在进行多维多点输入时,结构体型变化以及两翼处的内力有较大增加,而中部的内力有所降低,结构的位移响应变化差异性明显。     

车桥耦合动力分析中地震动输入模式的研究

依据地震作用下车桥动力相互作用的特点,建立地震-车-桥简化耦合模型和多自由度耦合模型,进行理论推导,研究采用地震动位移输入、加速度输入模式进行考虑地震作用的车桥耦合动力分析的特点和适用性.以8辆车编组的高速列车通过3跨钢桁拱桥为研究对象,考虑行波效应,进行地震动位移输入和加速度输入2种模式下的车桥耦合动力响应的数值计算对比分析.研究结果表明:位移输入模式对于所有轮轨关系均能适用;而加速度输入模式仅适用于轮轨关系为线性的情况,并且需要考虑拟静力分量对车桥耦合系统的影响;对轮轨关系为非线性的情况,采用地震动加速度输入模式,在车速超过80 m· s-1时会导致耦合系统动力响应被严重低估.     

基于IECP的CTCS-3列控车载TSM曲线完备性测试用例集生成方法研究

作为CTCS-3级列控系统的核心安全功能,速度-距离模式曲线具有参数输入域规模大、故障模式复杂等特点,如何完备地测试列控车载设备速度-距离监控曲线功能异常困难。提出了一种基于输入等价类划分测试理论的CTCS-3级列控车载目标速度监控曲线完备性测试用例生成方法。首先,结合CTCS-3级列控系统需求规范,建立了满足司机制动优先和设备制动优先两种不同制动优先级情况下的TSM有限状态机模型,并利用反应式状态迁移系统的形式化语义,描述了不同输入情况下模型的内部状态迁移过程。其次,利用I/O等价原理和等价类划分理论,得到了两种不同制动优先情况下的输入等价类划分。在此基础上,通过引入了被测系统的故障模型和故障域范围,采用W-method测试用例集生成方法,在满足模型故障域的条件下,最终得到两种不同制动优先的目标速度监控曲线模型完备测试集。设备制动优先情况生成的测试用例数量高于司机制动优先约33.3%,且所需测试时间和内存消耗更多。     

A study on single lane-change manoeuvres for determining rearward amplification of multi-trailer articulated heavy vehicles with active trailer steering systems

The Society of Automotive Engineers issued a test procedure, SAE-J2179, to determine the rearward amplification (RA) of multi-trailer articulated heavy vehicles (MTAHVs). Built upon the procedure, the International Organization for Standardization released the test manoeuvres, ISO-14791, for evaluating directional performance of MTAHVs. For the RA measures, ISO-14791 recommends two single lane-change manoeuvres: (1) an open-loop procedure with a single sine-wave steering input; and (2) a closed-loop manoeuvre with a single sine-wave lateral acceleration input. For an articulated vehicle with active trailer steering (ATS), the RA measure in lateral acceleration under the open-loop manoeuvre was not in good agreement with that under the closed-loop manoeuvre. This observation motivates the research on the applicability of the two manoeuvres for the RA measures of MTAHVs with ATS. It is reported that transient response under the open-loop manoeuvre often leads to asymmetric curve of tractor lateral acceleration [Winkler CB, Fancher PS, Bareket Z, Bogard S, Johnson G, Karamihas S, Mink C. Heavy vehicle size and weight – test procedures for minimum safety performance standards. Final technical report, NHTSA, US DOT, contract DTNH22-87-D-17174, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Report No. UMTRI-92-13; 1992]. To explore the effect of the transient response, a multiple cycle sine-wave steering input (MCSSI) manoeuvre is proposed. Simulation demonstrates that the steady-state RA measures of an MTAHV with and without ATS under the MCSSI manoeuvre are in excellent agreement with those under the closed-loop manoeuvre. It is indicated that between the two manoeuvres by ISO-14791, the closed-loop manoeuvre is more applicable for determining the RA measures of MTAHVs with ATS.     

Joint dirty paper coding and linear receiver design for multiuser MIMO broadcast channels

A multiuser multiple input multiple output （MIMO） broadcast scheme was proposed through applying dirty paper coding （DPC） at the transmitter and linear equalization at the receiver. Assuming single data stream communication for each user, joint transmitter and linear receiver design were done to enhance the system performance. Furthermore, a multiuser scheduling algorithm was presented to exploit multiuser diversity when the number of the users is larger than that of transmit antennas. The proposed system achieves the sum rate close to the Sato bound and is superior to some of the existing schemes.     

基于ADAMS软件的汽车平顺性仿真分析

应用ADAMS／Car软件,建立包括前后悬架、转向系、车身等在内的某车型的多体动力学模型;利用编制的路面谱文件,进行汽车脉冲和随机路面输入的平顺性仿真分析．将仿真后的测量数据输入到编制的平顺性评价程序中．根据国标对分析结果进行评价。