110m超深地下连续墙成槽引起的地层扰动分析

超深地下连续墙面临成槽时间长、施工难度大、槽壁稳定差等难题,成槽施工对地层扰动较大。依托宁波轨道交通3号线儿童公园站基坑工程,采用铣槽机成槽技术,展开110$m超深地下连续墙现场试验,重点监测槽壁变形和周围土层沉降。此外,采用三维有限元模拟铣槽机成槽施工过程,进一步研究成槽引起的槽壁变形和地表沉降规律。研究成果可为超深地下连续墙成槽施工中槽壁的稳定性与墙体竖直度控制,以及地表沉降控制提供有益的参考与借鉴。     

卵石层中长距离大直径盾构换刀地面加固研究

研究目的:卵石层中长距离大直径盾构掘进是盾构施工的世界性难题。某工程采用一台12 m的大直径盾构独头掘进5.2 km,卵石地层中盾构掘进,刀具(盘)磨损严重,须有计划地设置盾构停机点和对盾构刀盘进行全面检修并更换刀具,为确保施工安全,需对配套的地面加固措施进行研究。研究结论:无论是带压进仓作业,还是常压进仓作业,为确保施工安全,都需采取辅助的地面加固措施,以提高盾构机周围地层的稳定性和密实性;带压进仓换刀,可采用后退式分段注浆地面加固措施;常压进仓换刀,可采用钻孔桩+桩间注浆地面加固措施。     

潜艇耐压船体破坏载荷预测的一种新方法

本文提出了用灰色系统理论预测破坏载荷的计算方法,并通过新的高强度钢材环肋圆锥壳的球壳模型实验验证了该方法的正确性,建议今后在模型实验和现役潜艇的耐压船体寿命估算中采用这种方法。     

A simple formulation for predicting the ultimate strength of ships

The aim of this study is to derive a simple analytical formula for predicting the ultimate collapse strength of a single- and double-hull ship under a vertical bending moment, and also to characterize the accuracy and applicability for earlier approximate formulations. It is known that a ship hull will reach the overall collapse state if both collapse of the compression flange and yielding of the tension flange occur. Side shells in the vicinity of the compression and the tension flanges will often fail also, but the material around the final neutral axis will remain in the elastic state. Based on this observation, a credible distribution of longitudinal stresses around the hull section at the overall collapse state is assumed, and an explicit analytical equation for calculating the hull ultimate strength is obtained. A comparison between the derived formula and existing expressions is made for largescale box girder models, a one-third-scale frigate hull model, and full-scale ship hulls.List of symbols A _B total sectional area of outer bottom - A _B total sectional area of inner bottom - A _D total sectional area of deck - A _S half-sectional area of all sides (including longitudinal bulkheads and inner sides) - a _s sectional area of a longitudinal stiffener with effective plating - b breadth of plate between longitudinal stiffeners - D hull depth - D _B height of double bottom - E Young's modulus - g neutral axis position above the base line in the sagging condition or below the deck in the hogging condition - H depth of hull section in linear elastic state - I _s moment of inertia of a longitudinal stiffener with effective plating - l length of a longitudinal stiffener between transverse beams - M _E elastic bending moment - M _p fully plastic bending moment of hull section - M _u ultimate bending moment capacity of hull section - M _uh ,M _us ultimate bending moment in hogging or sagging conditions - r radius of gyration of a longitudinal stiffener with effective plating [=(I _s /a _s )^1/2] - t plate thickness - Z elastic section modulus at the compression flange - Z _B ,Z _D elastic section modulus at bottom or deck - slenderness ratio of plate between stiffeners [= (b/t)(_y/E)^1/2] - slenderness ratio of a longitudinal stiffener with effective plating [=(l/r)(_y/E)^1/2] - _y yield strength of the material - _yB , _yB , _yD yield strength of outer bottom, inner bottom - _yS deck, or side - _u ultimate buckling strength of the compression flange - _uB , _uB , _uD ultimate buckling strength of outer bottom - _uS inner bottom, deck, or side     

边坡滑动面三维空间有限元分析

提出了一种用三维潜在滑移面法分析三维边坡滑动面及稳定性的新方法,该方法根据弹塑性有限元的应力分析结果,用数值积分方法确定边坡的潜在滑移面、最危险潜在滑移面和边坡稳定性安全系数,具有充分的理论依据。通过对大量三维边坡实例的稳定性安全系数及最危险滑动面的分析得出,三维边坡按平面边坡处理会引起较大的分析误差,三维边坡应该按三维问题进行分析。     

基于生长算法构建Delaunay三角网的研究

提出了一种基于凸包构建Delaunay三角网的算法,它包括离散点数据的三角剖分及将约束边嵌入三角网。在对离散点数据进行三角剖分时,首先建立一个外轮廓为凸包的初始三角网,然后将剩余的点依次与既有三角网合并来生成包含所有数据点的三角网。为了将约束边嵌入三角网,找出约束边穿过的三角形,删除这些三角形并用约束边将这些三角形所围成的多边形分成两个简单多边形,再对这两个简单多边形进行Delaunay三角网剖分即可达到嵌入约束边的目的。     

基于自适应遗传算法的路堤边坡稳定性分析方法

基于圆弧滑动面假定,提出了一种用自适应遗传算法搜索最危险滑动面及其对应的最小安全系数的新方法。该方法是一种改进的遗传算法,采用自适应求取适值、动态调整交叉率和变异率、自适应区间收缩。自适应遗传算法有效克服了传统方法易陷入局部极小的缺陷,提高了算法的搜索效率、精度和稳定性。     

山区公路层间滑移破坏机理分析及对策研究

通过现场调查,初步分析了山区公路沥青路面基面层滑移的主要原因。应用有限元法,对基层和面层之间的剪应力进行计算分析,得出了基面层间剪应力变化的一般规律,认为层间最大剪应力主要取决于面层厚度和荷载条件。在前述计算分析的基础上,利用自行研制的DLG A路面材料剪切仪进行了大量的层间滑移室内模拟试验,考察了不同的层间处理措施、温度、基层类型等因素对层间抗剪能力的影响,提出了防止基面层滑移的技术措施。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from ships in ports – Case studies in four continents

Emissions of GHG from the transport sector and how to reduce them are major challenges for policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships while in port based on annual data from Port of Gothenburg, Port of Long Beach, Port of Osaka and Sydney Ports. Port call statistics including IMO number, ship name, berth number and time spent at berth for each ship call, were provided by each participating port. The IMO numbers were used to match each port call to ship specifications from the IHS database Sea-web. All data were analysed with a model developed by the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute for the purpose of quantifying GHG emissions (as CO₂-equivalent) from ships in the port area. Emissions from five operational modes are summed in order to account for ship operations in the different traffic areas. The model estimates total GHG emissions of 150,000, 240,000, 97,000, and 95,000 tonnes CO₂ equivalents per year for Gothenburg, Long Beach, Osaka, and Sydney, respectively. Four important emission-reduction measures are discussed: reduced speed in fairway channels, on-shore power supply, reduced turnaround time at berth and alternative fuels. It is argued that the potential to reduce emissions in a port area depends on how often a ship revisits a port: there it in general is easier to implement measures for high-frequent liners. Ships that call 10 times or less contribute significantly to emissions in all ports.     

Simulation on progressive collapse behaviour of whole ship model under extreme waves using idealized structural unit method

To ensure the safety of navigating ship, working loads and structural load-carrying capacity are two important aspects. In the present paper, a total simulation system combing load calculation and structural collapse analysis is applied to simulate progressive collapse behaviour of a single-hull Kamsarmax type bulk carrier. A three dimensional singularity distribution method is adopted to calculate pressure distribution with time history. A mixed structural model, collapse part simulated by ISUM elements and remaining part by elastic FEM elements with relative coarse mesh, is proposed for collapse analysis. Progressive collapse behaviour obtained by ISUM is good agreement with that by nonlinear software package, MARC. However, the calculation time of ISUM analysis is about 1/70 of MARC analysis. The applicability to structure system, high accuracy and sufficient efficiency of ISUM had been demonstrated.