铁路勘察机载激光雷达的应用及关键问题研究

研究目的:机载激光雷达技术作为一项新型航空测量技术,在国内外多个行业内已经得到了较为广泛的应用研究。但是现阶段各行业内,包括应用于铁路勘察方面,尚未形成成熟的应用模式。因此,一方面加深新技术在铁路勘察中的应用研究,另一方面在推动新技术发展应用的同时,及时加深梳理过程中发现关键问题都是十分必要的。研究结论:通过对激光雷达在工程应用过程中发现的几个关键问题分析认为:认真总结工程实例,确定机载激光雷达传感器在我国地形条件下的参数设置;结合具体工程,熟练掌握适合于铁路应用的点云分类方法与标准;通过本文提到的机载激光雷达成果精度的验证方法完成对机载激光雷达成果的精度验证;在工程应用前将基于UTM系统下的机载激光雷达观测成果通过投影转换纳入工程坐标系获取地理信息成果是能够满足铁路勘察设计、施工需要的。     

基于DEA的中国铁路物流化运营绩效评价

总结了中国铁路物流化进程中的一些政策措施,运用DEA分析法对中国铁路物流化货运组织的运营绩效进行研究,得出中国铁路向现代物流转化势在必行,刻不容缓。通过建立模型,对铁路工资总额、营业里程、机车数、货车数、货运周转量进行综合评价。分析了1984～2007年整个铁路营运绩效。1986年～1989年整个铁路运营绩效呈上升趋势。1990年～1997年的效率水平具有波动性,但总体呈下降趋势,其中1996～1998年还出现了规模收益递减。1998年至今随着现代铁路物流理念下的铁路行业技术水平提高以及铁路不断提速等,带来了铁路运营绩效的同比增长。     

对地观测技术在铁路勘测设计中的应用

研究目的:长期以来,虽然对地观测技术在我国铁路勘测设计中发挥了重要的作用,但是,当新的对地观测技术取得了突飞猛进发展的时候,其在我国铁路勘测设计中的应用却出现相对滞后,目前,中国铁路已经步入高速时代,针对最新的对地观测技术发展,铁路工程技术人员必须找到适合我国铁路勘测设计新的工艺流程和技术突破点。研究结论:针对目前最新对地观测技术发展态势,铁路勘测设计人员一方面要继续挖掘既有对地观测技术和资料的应用潜力,也要对数码航空摄影、机载激光雷达、高分辨率卫星影像数据等最新的对地观测技术和成果加大研究、应用力度。对地观测技术既可应用于国家基础测绘,也可广泛应用于铁路地形图测绘、铁路线路选线设计、铁道工程地质勘测、铁路环境评价等领域。     

中隔墙(CRD)法斜下穿既有高速公路分离式隧道施工技术

新建贵广铁路四寨二号隧道下穿厦蓉高速公路瑞坡隧道,是在具有不均匀动荷载的浅埋围岩中修建大断面铁路隧道,确保施工过程中隧道上部行车的安全,是施工中的一大难题。对下穿过程中采用中隔墙(CRD)法施工取得成功的经验进行介绍。     

华盛顿地铁考察及对我国地铁建设的借鉴

通过对华盛顿地铁的实地考察,详细介绍华盛顿地铁的线路、车站的特点,阐述其在设计、运营、服务、节能等方面的主要理念以及实际措施,分析主要优缺点,并且对我国未来地铁的建设和运营提供建议。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from ships in ports – Case studies in four continents

Emissions of GHG from the transport sector and how to reduce them are major challenges for policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships while in port based on annual data from Port of Gothenburg, Port of Long Beach, Port of Osaka and Sydney Ports. Port call statistics including IMO number, ship name, berth number and time spent at berth for each ship call, were provided by each participating port. The IMO numbers were used to match each port call to ship specifications from the IHS database Sea-web. All data were analysed with a model developed by the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute for the purpose of quantifying GHG emissions (as CO₂-equivalent) from ships in the port area. Emissions from five operational modes are summed in order to account for ship operations in the different traffic areas. The model estimates total GHG emissions of 150,000, 240,000, 97,000, and 95,000 tonnes CO₂ equivalents per year for Gothenburg, Long Beach, Osaka, and Sydney, respectively. Four important emission-reduction measures are discussed: reduced speed in fairway channels, on-shore power supply, reduced turnaround time at berth and alternative fuels. It is argued that the potential to reduce emissions in a port area depends on how often a ship revisits a port: there it in general is easier to implement measures for high-frequent liners. Ships that call 10 times or less contribute significantly to emissions in all ports.     

Tuning of transfer functions for analysis of wave–ship interactions

Transfer functions are often used together with a wave spectrum for analysis of wave–ship interactions, where one application addresses the prediction of wave-induced motions or other types of global responses. This paper presents a simple and practical method which can be used to tune the transfer function of such responses to facilitate improved prediction capability. The input to the method consists of a measured response, i.e. time series sequences from a given sensor, the 2D wave spectrum characterising the seaway in which the measurements are taken, and an initial estimate of the transfer function for the response in study. The paper presents results obtained using data from an in-service container ship. The 2D wave spectra are taken from the ERA5 database, while the transfer function is computed by a simple closed-form expression. The paper shows that the application of the tuned transfer function leads to predictions which are significantly improved compared to using the transfer function without tuning.     

Potentials of using social media to infer the longitudinal travel behavior: A sequential model-based clustering method

This study explores the possibility of employing social media data to infer the longitudinal travel behavior. The geo-tagged social media data show some unique features including location-aggregated features, distance-separated features, and Gaussian distributed features. Compared to conventional household travel survey, social media data is less expensive, easier to obtain and the most importantly can monitor the individual’s longitudinal travel behavior features over a much longer observation period. This paper proposes a sequential model-based clustering method to group the high-resolution Twitter locations and extract the Twitter displacements. Further, this study details the unique features of displacements extracted from Twitter including the demographics of Twitter user, as well as the advantages and limitations. The results are even compared with those from traditional household travel survey, showing promises in using displacement distribution, length, duration and start time to infer individual’s travel behavior. On this basis, one can also see the potential of employing social media to infer longitudinal travel behavior, as well as a large quantity of short-distance Twitter displacements. The results will supplement the traditional travel survey and support travel behavior modeling in a metropolitan area.     

关于山区高速外业勘察中若干问题的探讨

近几年来,我国山区高速建设里程日益增加.因受复杂地形、地质条件的限制,山区高速的外业勘察具有其独有的关键技术难点,应在普通建设条件下的作业内容、作业方式的基础上,采取针对性的对策措施,确保外勘资料满足设计需求.     

高职学生顶岗实习:现状、问题与对策——基于广州番禺职业技术学院2012届毕业生顶岗实习的调研与分析

通过调研发现:当前高职生顶岗实习存在实习协议难以全面签订、部分学生频繁流动、教学目标偏离异化、轮岗实习较难实现、学校实习管理不够精细、学生权益保障不力等问题。为了解决这些问题,同时提出了相应的建议和对策。