软土地基沉降观测技术的应用研究

通过对沈大高速公路改扩建工程软土地基进行沉降观测的研究，分析了在进行沉降观测时的一些基本要求弄口需要注意的问题，以供参考。     

砾石桩在软土地基中的应用

砾石桩作为软土地基处理的一种方法，在施工中的作用越来越大。本文通过砾石桩的施工及试验检测，分析了砾石桩施工对软土地基的作用。     

Use of wastewater sludge for base and subbase of road pavements

The occurrence and destination of wastewater sludge in the soil and hydric resources has been recognized as an emerging issue in preserving the environment. This residue is formed by all solids removed during the effluent treatment process. Conventional solutions of sending sludge to landfills or depositing it on land or in rivers are expensive and dangerous. This paper investigates the application of the stabilization/solidification technique for wastewater sludge using lime, cement and bitumen as additives. The modified soil samples were tested for the following parameters: California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), Indirect tensile strength (ITS), Resilient Modulus (RM), and deterioration tests (LWT e WTAT). The addition of 1% emulsion as an additive to the mixture supplied the highest increments in strength. Furthermore, the addition of only 1% of lime or cement increases the values of the tests by about 200%. These results are acceptable values for pavement purposes, from the structural point of view.     

Comparison of Beach Nourishment along the U.S. Atlantic,Great Lakes,Gulf of Mexico,and New England Shorelines

The U.S. national beach nourishment experience is summarized for the East Coast barrier islands, the Gulf of Mexico, New England, and the Great Lakes. A total of 1,305 nourishment episodes on 382 beaches are recorded at a total estimated cost of approximately $1.4 billion ($2.5 billion in 1996 dollars). In terms of both volume and costs, nourishment has been the most extensive by far on the East Coast barrier islands. Depending on the region, between 65% and 85% of all nourishment projects have a federal funding component. Annual expenditures and sand volumes for beach nourishment are increasing, especially on East Coast barriers. At present, total annual national beach nourishment costs (excluding the Pacific Coast) are on the order of $100 million per year. The cost per cubic yard of nourishment sand as expressed in 1996 dollars has remained more or less constant over time. Additionally, the volumes of sand needed for subsequent nourishment episodes on individual beaches do not decrease, despite contrary assumptions in the shoreface-profile-ofequilibrium concept that subsequent nourishment volumes should diminish. In light of the historical experience of beach nourishment identified in this study, individual state and local coastal communities should reevaluate their plans for future beach nourishment programs. The complete listing of all the data on nourished beaches from this survey is available at www.geo.duke.edu/Research/psds/psds.htm     

Suitability of Decision-Theoretic Models to Public Policy Issues Concerning the Provision of Shoreline Stabilization and Hazard Management

This article examines the suitability and potential advances of decision-theoretic models from finance regarding investment decisions in shoreline stabilization projects. A set of scenarios represents the dynamics of the decision-state facing the planner and identifies factors that should be incorporated into the decision-making process. It is shown that decision models from finance can account for the risk and uncertainty inherent in shoreline stabilization projects, potentially suggest improvements and refinements to presently used cost-benefit analysis procedures, and offer new tools that can aid in decisions concerning provision of shoreline stabilization. The outcomes of these scenarios justify better planning and control of existing and future building, and that of poststorm policies. Lastly, these models allow us to explore the range of our understanding of coastal processes and interactions with shoreline stabilization projects and can identify new and useful data needed in coastal management and hazard management decisions.     

浅埋、偏压、软岩隧道进洞施工技术研究

浅埋、偏压、软弱围岩隧道进洞施工一直是隧道施工的难点,通过实例介绍此类隧道施工关键技术,采用重力式挡墙和边仰坡加固措施处理隧道偏压,采用大管棚、超前小导管及套拱法处理隧道浅埋,采用三台阶七步流水法进行软弱围岩洞内施工,同时阐述施工过程中监控量测的方法和对围岩变形的处理措施。     

浅埋软弱破碎围岩隧道进洞施工技术研究

进洞一直是隧道施工的关键环节,而洞口工程的顺利完成是暗洞正常施工的前提。目前,采用超前管棚支护、超前小导管注浆等超前支护方式基本能够保证隧道顺利进洞,但是大部分隧道进洞后在洞口段均会出现初期支护沉降变形较大的现象。山西省高(平)-陵(川)高速公路郭家川2#隧道洞口段围岩极其软弱破碎,在隧道采用超前管棚支护顺利进洞后,为了防止洞口段初期支护再次出现较大的沉降变形,提出在洞口段采用联合支护的方案,即将洞口段初期支护的钢拱架与护拱连接,并加强初期支护钢拱架之间的纵向连接,实践证明此方案是切实有效的。分析对比表明,对于浅埋软弱破碎围岩隧道,联合支护方案能够有效地减小洞口段初期支护的变形量,保证隧道结构的稳定性,从而保证隧道安全、快速进洞。     

乔庄隧道穿越软弱围岩施工力学行为分析

文章以济邵高速公路乔庄隧道为例,应用有限元程序对软弱围岩段隧道实体建模,采用二维弹塑性地层-结构模型模拟隧道施工全过程,得到了初期支护和二次衬砌等支护构件的受力和围岩位移收敛状况;同时,通过比较表明,拱顶下沉和拱腰水平收敛以及支护受力现场实测值与理论计算数据两者变化规律基本吻合。由此说明,采用现场动态监控量测与有限元仿真模拟相结合的方法可为隧道衬砌设计和安全施工提供可靠的科学依据和技术指导。     

水泥土搅拌桩软基加固技术

文章以中铁十九局南钦铁路NQ1标软基加固工程为背景,阐述了水泥土搅拌桩的施工准备工作、试桩施工要点及检验方法、施工工艺流程,并提出了相应的施工控制措施。     

软土路基加宽处理的探讨

高速公路在加宽时需要进行特殊的处理,当加宽的路基地质为软土时,就出现了软土路基的加宽处理问题,就此进行了探讨与研究。