Estimation of rail passenger flow and system utilization with ticket transaction and gate data

Capturing the dynamics in passenger flow and system utilization over time and space is extremely important for railway operators. Previous studies usually estimated passenger flow using automatic fare collection data, and their applications are limited to a single stopping pattern and/or a single type of ticket. However, the conventional railway in Taiwan provides four types of ticket and five types of train service with a number of stopping patterns. This study develops a comprehensive framework and corresponding algorithms to map passenger flow and evaluate system utilization. A multinomial logit model is constructed and incorporated in the algorithms to estimate passenger train selection behavior. Results from the empirical studies demonstrate that the developed framework and algorithms can successfully match passengers with train services. With this tool, operators can efficiently examine passenger flow and service utilization, thereby quickly adjusting their service strategies accordingly to improve system performance.     

海峡两岸海上货物运输合同立法之比较——兼论《中华人民共和国海商法》第4章的修改

通过比较海峡两岸海上货物运输合同立法,对两岸立法的异同加以分析,提出我国在修改《中华人民共和国海商法》第4章的过程中,可在租船合同、运费等方面借鉴台湾地区的相关立法,以期完善我国《海商法》,促进两岸经贸往来。     

台湾海峡铁路轮渡码头选址与建设方案

建设台湾海峡铁路轮渡码头,尽快实现两岸铁路互联互通,是京台高铁及台湾海峡海底隧道建成前的过渡性最优方案。参考国内类似项目建设经验,分析码头特点与选址原则,论证设计船型与建设规模,提出港址比选论证建议探讨码头总体设计方案,提出需研究解决的重点与难点问题,为项目规划和建设提供借鉴。     

台湾海峡通道桥梁方案构思

简单介绍了台湾海峡通道的工程建设条件,对比、总结了前期线路研究情况和桥梁方案探讨情况,对台湾海峡通道的优先建设线路和功能需求分别做出了分析判断,在此基础上,展开了桥梁方案的讨论。     

A study of motorcyclist's idling stop behavior at red lights

Abstract

Motorcycle activity in Asian economies is a significant contributor to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, both when moving and when idling at traffic lights. This paper investigates Taiwanese motorcyclists’ behavior of turning off the idling engine while stopping at traffic lights based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which recognizes that the achievement of voluntary change behavior can be identified by knowing an individual's attitudes (or behavioral intentions [BIs]) in the context of social norms (SN). A structural equation model system is used to identify candidate causal links between attitudes, SN, BI and behavior related to the idling stop behavior of motorcyclists. A partial least squares (PLS) model is built to correct the covariance matrix, given the relatively small sample size. Results suggest that attitudes, SN and perceived behavioral control, are significant determinants of idling stop BI at red lights.     

Development of a Model for Enhancing Justice in MPA Designation and Zoning and its Application to Taiwan’s South Penghu Marine National Park

Abstract

Multi-purpose marine protected areas (MPAs) are prevalent world-wide as institutional mechanisms deployed in the marine environment to manage multiple uses, conserve resources and protect ecosystems. Yet some people may experience disadvantage following the implementation of new MPAs. One understudied aspect of MPAs is the distribution of advantages and disadvantages and how best to address the “justice” concerns that they raise. This article identifies a framework of principles, methods and tools to address these concerns. It devises a “MPA justice model” and demonstrates its applicability to a Taiwanese case study. In 2014, Taiwan proclaimed its first multiple-purpose MPA, the South Penghu Marine National Park and the case study shows ways that the MPA’s socio-economic sustainability could have been better accomplished. The article focuses on future MPA establishment that incorporates distributional fairness and procedural legitimacy into MPA site designation and zoning design - but might also be adapted to use retrospectively in MPA review processes.     

Optimization of a feeder-bus route design by using a multiobjective programming approach

This paper presents a feeder-bus route design model, capable of minimizing route length, minimizing maximum route travel time of planned routes, and maximizing service coverage for trip generation. The proposed model considers constraints of route connectivity, subtour prevention, travel time upper bound of a route, relationships between route layout and service coverage, and value ranges of decision variables. Parameter uncertainties are dealt with using fuzzy numbers, and the model is developed as a multiobjective programming problem. A case study of a metro station in Taichung City, Taiwan is then conducted. Next, the programming problem in the case study is solved, based on the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution approach to obtain the compromise route design. Results of the case study confirm that the routes of the proposed model perform better than existing routes in terms of network length and service coverage. Additionally, increasing the number of feeder-bus routes decreases maximum route travel time, increases service coverage, and increases network length. To our knowledge, the proposed model is the first bus route design model in the literature to consider simultaneously various stakeholder needs and support for bus route planners in developing alternatives for further evaluation efficiently and systematically.     

台湾海峡船舶交通安全的综合评价

综合考虑台湾海峡的交通量、航行环境、海上交通事故等多种因素,建立评价台湾海峡船舶交通安全的指标体系,同时运用模糊数学原理构建每个评价指标的隶属度的模糊子集,并由层次分析法得到每个指标的权重,从而建立综合评判模型,对海峡交通安全进行定量的评价,为台湾海峡定线制的实施,改善台湾海峡交通状况提供科学的依据。     

Carbon and nutrient dynamics in a hypertrophic lagoon in southwestern Taiwan

Dissolved and particulate phases of carbon (DIC, DOC, POC) and nutrients (DIN, DIP, DSi, DON, DOP, PN) were investigated bimonthly from August 1999 to August 2000 to study biogeochemical dynamics of carbon and nutrients in Tapong Bay, a small semi-enclosed and hypertrophic lagoon in southwestern Taiwan. The lagoon has only a tidal inlet for exchanging water between Tapong Bay and Taiwan Strait, which may result in low water exchange rates and various oxygen-deficient conditions in bottom water of the inner bay during warm seasons. The water exchange time of Tapong Bay ranges from 7 days (summer) to 13 days (winter) with a mean of 10 days. Nutrient dynamics were largely ascribed to allochthonous inputs, biological and exported removals in the lagoon. Diffusion fluxes from sediments to overlying water accounted for only about 7.6% of annual DIN inputs and 1.0% of annual DIP inputs. High primary productivity (89 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹) supported by abundant nutrients primarily drove the lagoon into a hypertrophic condition as particulate organic matter was derived mainly from biological production. Excess of DIP appeared to occur throughout the study period in the lagoon. Temperature, solar radiation and turbidity, rather than nutrients, perhaps controlled seasonal variations of primary productivity. The net ecosystem production (NEP) derived from daily changes of DOC and POC inventories was about 6.3 mmol C m⁻² day⁻¹ that was close to 6.7 mmol C m⁻² day⁻¹ simulated from the biogeochemical modeling. Therefore, the net ecosystem production (NEP) rate of organic carbon estimated from the biogeochemical model was reliable, and the NEP was temporally variable with an annual mean of 5.8 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹, implying that Tapong Bay was an autotrophic system. Although calcification proceeded pronouncedly in warm seasons, an invasion of CO₂ was significant in this system. In terms of nitrogen budget, the annual nitrogen fixation exceeded the annual denitrification with a magnitude of 1.30 mol N m⁻² year⁻¹, which may be supported by the abundance of nitrogen fixation microplanktons in the lagoon.     

两岸高等教育交流的挑战与展望

文章论述了两岸高等教育的挑战,分析了两岸高等教育交流现状,并提出扩大学术教育交流、构建学术交流平台、建立学术对话机制、拓展学术文教交流等相应对策,具有一定的借鉴意义。