东京都市圈轨道交通与城市协调发展分析

首先介绍了东京都市圈轨道交通线网布局、规模和覆盖率,然后从轨道交通系统与城市规划演变、轨道交通系统与城市发展水平、轨道交通系统与城市功能布局三个维度分析了东京都市圈轨道交通与城市融合发展规律,探究了轨道交通系统与居住人口分布、就业岗位分布、城市空间结构、城市功能布局的关系.从东京都市圈多层次轨道交通系统、以公共交通为导...     

深圳湾大桥结构健康及安全监控预警系统硬件概述

通过对已完成实施的深港西部通道深圳湾公路大桥结构健康及安全监控预警系统 (SZBHMS)的介绍,综合阐述了研发系统的构建与硬件内容.在系统中选用了基于美国NI公司虚拟仪器技术的数据采集设备硬件和基础软件产品,并采用了GPS技术时钟授时接收机等技术.结果表明:系统能够协调运行,实现了预期设计功能,保证了SZWBHMS系统长期运行的高可靠性、实时性以及技术的先进性.     

钢套箱封底混凝土与钢管桩间的握裹力分析

承台施工时,钢套箱浇筑封底混凝土,与钢管桩粘结在一起,二者之间的握裹效果决定了承台施工的成败。采用AN SY S中的子模型技术建立了握裹力模型,验算了各种工况下的握裹力,结果表明:封底混凝土1.0 m厚时,可以满足承台一次性浇筑要求;仅有粘结应力作用时,可以保证二者间的有效结合;在桩周增设环形钢筋网片和剪力键后,握裹效果会要好。     

台州湾海域水文泥沙环境及海床冲淤演变分析

文章结合台州湾海域历史上各年代、各测次的水文泥沙测验和实测地形资料,对该海区1934~1998年和1988~2003年2个不同时间长度内的地形变化进行了分析,结果表明:台州湾属于强潮海域,具有潮差大、潮汐动力强的特点;该海区在1988年以前处于略有淤积状态,而1988年后期处于冲淤基本平衡的稳定状况;椒江口内高含沙水体的往返运移对湾内水域冲淤变化的影响甚小;造成该海区海床变化的泥沙主要来自于浙江东海岸沿岸泥沙运动,随着来自长江口泥沙的逐年减少,该海域的海床形态基本趋于稳定,海域含沙量逐步降低,为台州市深水港的建设提供了良好的泥沙环境。     

渤海湾底质重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

基于渤海湾22个监测点3年的监测数据,应用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,分析了渤海湾天津段表层沉积物中5种重金属的含量与分布,并进行生态风险评价。结果表明:渤海湾为轻微生态危害,其中镉的污染程度最大,锌的污染程度最小,5种重金属危害系数顺序为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Zn。     

Changes in size at maturity of European hake Atlantic populations in relation with stock structure and environmental regimes

European hake (Merluccius merluccius) female size at maturity is estimated on an annual basis for Bay of Biscay and Galician coast, which are parts of the distribution of the Northern and Southern stocks, respectively. Clear trends in this reproductive parameter are observed along the time series and the potential factors affecting these trends have been investigated. Total biomass, different indexes of SSB, age diversity index, fishing mortality at age, NAO winter index, upwelling index and temperature were included in multiple regressions models to assess the relative importance of each of them on shifts in size at maturity.Bay of Biscay and Galician coast hake have followed different evolution in patterns of changes in size at maturity. In Bay of Biscay, a steadily decline of 15 cm has been observed from 1987 to 2004, which is well predicted by fishing mortality and age diversity, but also the environment may have played an important role. However, on the Galician coast a drastic decline of 16 cm from 1980 to 1988 was followed by a rapid increase in size at maturity during the next 10 years to original values and a stable period in the last 6 years. Decreasing biomass may explain the decline in size at maturity in the first period. However, total biomass and spawning biomass declined even during the period when size at maturity increased, which is contrary to compensatory theory. Shifts in environmental regime, NAO and upwelling, may have contributed to a decelerated growth during this period that might explain the later maturation.     

杭州湾大桥梁上运梁过程仿真分析

对杭州湾大桥非通航孔滩涂区的50 m箱梁上运梁过程进行空间仿真分析。按照实际工况荷载,考虑预应力空间效应,施加等效节点力,并合理考虑支座等细部建模,建立精密的三维实体有限元仿真模型。混凝土的材料特性按现行公路桥梁设计规范取值,考虑最不利计算荷载,支座底部按刚性单元模拟,而与梁相接触层的弹性模量满足梁端回转变形时不出现拉应力,在结构离散时尽可能细分单元网格,由于梁端的应力相对复杂,采用比跨中更密的单元网格。计算承重箱梁整体变形和空间应力分布特性,结果为,由于载荷位置在支座附近,变形相对较小,最大挠度在反拱位移之内。支座截面的最大主拉应力发生在底板上表面侧,超过混凝土的开裂强度,因此,对该区域的混凝土应采取加劲处理,以防止混凝土拉裂;最大主压应力发生在架桥机肢腿处附近,小于混凝土的抗压强度。     

花场湾自然条件及海床演变分析

通过对海南花场湾海域潮汐、潮流、泥沙、波浪以及底质沉积物等自然条件的分析,对该海区的水动力、泥沙环境及海床演变规律进行了研究,论证了花场湾海域略有冲刷的基本特征。     

Atmospheric CO2 measurements and error analysis on seasonal air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Bay of Biscay

Atmospheric molar fraction of CO₂ (xCO₂^atm) measurements obtained on board of ships of opportunity are used to parameterize the seasonal cycle of atmospheric xCO₂ (xCO₂^atm) in three regions of the eastern North Atlantic (Galician and French offshore and Bay of Biscay). Three selection criteria are established to eliminate spurious values and identify xCO₂^atm data representative of atmospheric background values. The filtered data set is fitted to seasonal curve, consisting of an annual trend plus a seasonal cycle. Although the fitted curves are consistent with the seasonal evolution of xCO₂^atm data series from land meteorological stations, only ship-board measurements can report the presence of winter xCO₂^atm minimum on Bay of Biscay. Weekly air–sea CO₂ flux differences (mmol C·m^− 2 day^− 1) produced by the several options of xCO₂^atm usually used (ship-board measurements, data from land meteorological stations and annually averaged values) were calculated in Bay of Biscay throughout 2003. Flux error using fitted seasonal curve relative to on board measurements was minimal, whereas land stations and annual means yielded random (− 0.2 ± 0.3 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1) and systematic (− 0.1 ± 0.4 mmol C·m^− 2 day^− 1), respectively. The effect of different available sources of sea level pressure, wind speed and transfer velocity were also evaluated. Wind speed and transfer velocity parameters are found as the most critical choice in the estimate of CO₂ fluxes reaching a flux uncertainty of 7 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1 during springtime. The atmospheric pressure shows a notable relative effect during summertime although its influence is quantitatively slight on annual scale (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1). All results confirms the role of the Bay of Biscay as CO₂ sink for the 2003 with an annual mean CO₂ flux around − 5 ± 5 mmol C m^− 2 day^− 1.     

Suspended sediment and erosion dynamics in Kugmallit Bay and Beaufort Sea during ice-free conditions

The Mackenzie River is the largest river on the North American side of the Arctic and its huge freshwater and sediment load impacts the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Huge quantities of sediment and associated organic carbon are transported in the Mackenzie plume into the interior of the Arctic Ocean mainly during the freshet (May to September). Changing climate scenarios portend increased coastal erosion and resuspension that lead to altered river-shelf-slope particle budgets. We measured sedimentation rates, suspended particulate matter (SPM), particle size and settling rates during ice-free conditions in Kugmallit Bay (3–5 m depth). Additionally, measurements of erosion rate, critical shear stress, particle size distribution and resuspension threshold of bottom sediments were examined at four regionally contrasting sites (33–523 m depth) on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf using a new method for assessing sediment erosion. Wind induced resuspension was evidenced by a strong relationship between SPM and wind speed in Kugmallit Bay. Deployment of sediment traps showed decreasing sedimentation rates at sites along an inshore–offshore transect ranging from 5400 to 3700 g m^− 2 day^− 1. Particle settling rates and size distributions measured using a Perspex settling chamber showed strong relationships between equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and particle settling rates (r² = 0.91). Mean settling rates were 0.72 cm s^− 1 with corresponding ESD values of 0.9 mm. Undisturbed sediment cores were exposed to shear stress in an attempt to compare differences in sediment stability across the shelf during September to October 2003. Shear was generated by vertically oscillating a perforated disc at controlled frequencies corresponding to calibrated shear velocity using a piston grid erosion device. Critical (Type I) erosion thresholds (u) varied between 1.1 and 1.3 cm s^− 1 with no obvious differences in location. Sediments at the deepest site Amundsen Gulf displayed the highest erosion rates (22–54 g m^− 2 min^− 1) with resuspended particle sizes ranging from 100 to 930 µm for all sites. There was no indication of biotic influence on sediment stability, although our cores did not display a fluff layer of unconsolidated sediment. Concurrent studies in the delta and shelf region suggest the importance of a nepheloid layer which transports suspended particles to the slope. Continuous cycles of resuspension, deposition, and horizontal advection may intensify with reduction of sea ice in this region. Our measurements coupled with studies of circulation and cross-shelf exchange allow parameterization and modeling of particle dynamics and carbon fluxes under various climate change scenarios.