A GA-based household scheduler

One way of making activity-based travel analysis operational for transport planning is multi-agent micro-simulation. Modelling activity and trip generation based on individual and social characteristics are central steps in this method. The model presented here generates complete daily activity schedules based on the structure of a household and its members’ activity calendars. The model assumes that the household is another basic decision-making unit for travel demand aside from individual mobility needs. Results of the model are schedules containing complete information about activity type and sequence, locations, and means of transportation, as well as activity start times and durations. The generated schedules are the outcome of a probabilistic optimisation using genetic algorithms. This iterative method improves solutions found in a random search according to the specification of a fitness criterion, which equals utility here. It contains behavioural assumptions about individuals as well as the household level. Individual utility is derived from the number of activities and their respective durations. It is reduced by costs of travelling and penalties for late, respectively early arrival. The household level is represented directly by the utility of joint activities, and indirectly by allocation of activities and means of transportation to household members. The paper presents initial tests with a three-person household, detailing resulting schedules, and discussing run-time experiences. A sensitivity analysis of the joint utility parameter impact is also included.     

厚覆盖层地基上大跨拱桥拱座设计

无铰拱的拱脚变位对拱桥内力影响显著,在厚覆盖层地基上选择合适的拱座形式以减小拱脚变位十分重要。介绍大宁河特大桥拱座设计的选型思路和概况,并对2个主要的拱座形式进行了力学分析,根据分析结果推荐了合理的拱座形式。     

苏通大桥混凝土二维、三维碳化寿命预测的研究

研究了苏通大桥各关键部位混凝土的一维、二维和三维碳化和加载状态下的一维、二维碳化;并结合大桥所处环境进行了基于混凝土二维和三维碳化的寿命预测。试验表明,混凝土的二维、三维碳化具有明显的交互作用;采用二维和三维碳化进行混凝土的寿命预测比传统的一维寿命预测分别要短42.3%和66.1%(以承台为例);载荷作用下混凝土碳化明显增大,应力比为0.35时的一维、二维碳化寿命预测要比不受力时短36.7%和13.5%(承台)。     

软土水平运动作用下被动桩桩土界面接触应力分析

采用平面应变有限元方法，对土体运动作用下的被动桩桩土相互作用进行分析。分析中考虑土的塑性和大应变，并在桩土间设置接触单元，重点研究桩周土的位移模式和土体处于不同状态时接触应力的分布规律，讨论了群桩中桩与桩间的相互作用对接触应力的影响。     

基桩荷载传递的非线性计算方法研究

大量试桩资料表明,桩身荷载传递函数曲线多符合双曲线模型,故有必要对基桩荷载传递性状进行非线性分析。为此,文章首先讨论了桩侧摩阻力的主要影响因素和计算方法,然后引入双曲线模型,以荷载传递法建立桩身荷载传递基本微分方程。在此基础上,导得了考虑桩土相互作用及土体分层性质的幂级数解答,并将其用于实测试桩资料的数据分析。对比分析结果表明,基于双曲线模型的非线性计算方法能更准确的描述桩身荷载传递性状,且参数易于获取,是一种可行的计算方法。     

On altruists and egoists in activity participation and travel: who are they and do they live together?

Formulation and specification of activity analysis models require better understanding of time allocation behavior that goes beyond the more recent within household analyses to understand selfish and altruistic behavior and how this relates to travel behavior. Using data from 1,471 persons in a recent 2-day time use/activity diary and latent class cluster analysis we identify 11 distinct daily behaviors that span from the intensely self-serving to intensely altruistic. Predicted cluster membership is then used to study within household interactions. The analysis shows strong correlation exists between social role and patterns of altruistic behavior. However, a substantial amount of heterogeneity is also found within social roles. In addition, travel behavior is also very different among altruistic and self-serving time allocation groups. At the household level, a substantial number of households contain persons with similar behavior. Another group of households contains a mix of self-serving and altruistic persons that follow specialized household roles within their households. The majority of households, however, are populated by altruistic persons. Single person households are more likely to be in the self-serving groups but not in their entirety. Altruism at home is directed most often toward the immediate family members. This is less pronounced when we examine altruistic acts outside the home. Konstadinos G. Goulias is a professor of Geography at the University of California Santa Barbara, has been a professor of Civil Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University from 1991 to 2004, and he is the founder and chair of the TRB task force on moving activity-based approaches to practice. Kriste M. Henson is a technical staff member at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the Decision Applications Division and is currently pursing a Ph.D. in Geography at the University of California—Santa Barbara.     

SH波激励下上覆粘弹性场地土的振动分析

采用工程波动理论,考虑简谐SH波诱发的水平振动和场地土的材料阻尼,假定场地土体系处于反平面应变状态,研究半空间上SH波激励下上覆粘弹性场地土的自由场动力反应。利用正交函数法求解基岩运动输入下上覆土层的振动解,以此解来分析SH波激励下粘弹性场地土的放大效应,并将探讨其影响因素。本文结果为进一步研究土—结构物动力相互作用打下坚实的基础,对建筑抗震设计和震害分析具有理论和工程实际意义。     

嵌入式信息无线交互城市公交报站控制系统的设计与实现

嵌入式信息无线交互城市公交报站控制系统涉及无线信息编、解码通讯，数据融合与信息处理，单片机嵌入式控制，语音生成与处理，车载电源变换等技术支持。实现车辆上、下行运程相关信息的人性化报读，站点与车载装置无线信息交互。     

“桥头跳车”对连续梁桥动力响应的影响分析

“桥头跳车”是由路基与桥台连续处的高差而引起的车辆跳跃现象。本文参照简化的车辆模型和桥梁模型建立了车—桥相互作用的数学模型,提出了一种车—桥振动简化计算方法。利用该方法考虑“桥头跳车”对连续梁桥各特征截面动力响应的影响,通过数值分析可定性地确定“桥头跳车”现象对汽车荷载冲击系数取值的影响,为将来冲击系数的进一步修改提供参考。     

Prediction of slamming pressure considering fluid-structure interaction. Part II: Derivation of empirical formulations

This is Part II in a series of papers. Part I [1] investigated the slamming responses of flexible flat stiffened steel and aluminum plates using the nonlinear explicit finite element code LS-Dyna with the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MMALE) solver. Subsequently, a simplified finite element FSI model of water hitting structures that is realistically close to the slamming phenomenon occurring on the bottom part of offshore structures was proposed. The proposed FSI methodology presented in Part I was verified by comparison with the relevant test data. It was evident that the use of the proposed numerical method presented in Part I was very effective for a benchmarking investigation of slamming load considering the hydroelastic effect. However, the method required much effort in terms of computation time and power analysis resources. The present study, Part II, aimed, as an alternative to the FSI analysis approach, to develop empirical formulae for prediction of slamming loads acting on deformable flat stiffened plates used in marine applications. This paper begins by describing the limitations of the existing approaches based on theoretical, experimental and even numerical studies conducted in the past for estimation of slamming loads. Next, it presents, based on the simulation methodology developed in Part I, rigorous parametric studies that had been performed on actual scantlings of marine-seagoing structures. The effects of structural geometry and water impact velocity on slamming pressure are then investigated in detail. Subsequently, the parametric results are analyzed and utilized to derive empirical formulations for the prediction of slamming loads acting on flat stiffened plates of marine structures. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed formulations are established by comparison with the results of the test and other existing formulations. The proposed formulations are expected to be used for the purposes of the design without any time-consuming FSI analysis of advanced and optimal structures that are robust to slamming.